Midterm study guide Flashcards
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What is the emergency response guidebook?
A book that helps first responders with dangerous goods. It helps them quickly identify hazardous materials Emergency procedures.
What is the FCC?
They’re the regulators, they relegate communications by radio, television/ wire satellite, and cable.
What are the different planes of the body?
Frontal Plane (coronal plane)
Sagittal Plane (Median Plane)
Transverse Plane (Horizontal Plane)
pg.109
What are the division line of the body
Superior, Midaxillary, Inferior
What are the directional terms
Superior: toward the head
Inferior: Away from the head
Medial: toward the midline of the body
Posterior (Dorsal): the back of the body
Anterior (Ventral): Front of the body
Lateral: to the side away from the midline of the body
Distal: further away from the torso
Proximal: closer to the torso
What are common prefixes / suffixes and word roots?
Brady(slow): Bradycardia, Bradypnea
Tachy(Fast): Tachycardia, Tachypnea
Hypo(Below normal, low): Hypotension(low blood pressure)
Hypoglycemia(low blood sugar)
Hyper( above normal high): Hypertension, Hyperglycemia
Signs and symptoms of hyper/hypoglycemia and treatments for each
Hypoglycemia: Being nervous or anxious, sweating and clamminess, Tachycardia, hunger
Treatments: eating or drinking sugar/carbohydrates, glucagon
Hyperglycemia: Frequent urination, extreme hunger, Fatigue, increased thirst
Treatment: quick acting insulin
What is your first priority going into every call?
Scene Safety (my safety)
signs and sypmtoms of ischemic stroke
Sudden trouble speaking, confusion, trouble walking, loss of balance coordination, severe headache with no cause.
Signs and symptoms of hemorrhagic stroke
Weakness of one side of the body or paralysis of one side of the body, seizures, sensitivity to light.
TIA symptoms
Very similar to a stroke but doesn’t cause permanent damage,
What is the Cincinati stroke scale?
a prehospital scale to assess stroke probability:
Facial droop
Arm drift
Slurred speech
What is status epilepticus?
A prolonged seizure or situation in which a patient has 2 or more convulsive seizures without regaining full consciousness
What are the parts of a scene size up
dertermine if scene/situation is safe
Determine if its noi/moi
number of patients
Request additional assistance if necessary
Consider spinal stabilization
What does a primary assessment include?
General impression of the patient
Mental status
ABC’s
Priority
What does secondary assessment include?
physical examination, Patient history, Vital signs
The reason EMS was called, usually in the patient’s own words?
Chief complaint
OPQRST
Onset
Provocation
Quality
Radiation
Severity
Time
SAMPLE
Symptoms
Allergies
Medication
Pertinent Patient History
Last Oral intake
Events leading to present ilness
AVPU
Alert
Verba
Pain
Unresponsive
S/S of Mi how can we treat it
s/s: chest, jaw, neck, arm epigastrium discomfort, dyspnea, nausea and or vomiting syncope
Treatment: transport to a facility that specializes in cardiology
Characteristics of carbon monoxide
Highly poisonous, odorless, and tasteless
and very flamable
S/S and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning
S/S: Headache, Dizziness, breathing difficulty, Nausea, Cyanosis, Altered mental status in severe cases unconsciousness.
Treatment: High concentration oxygen
Pain that is felt in another location other than where the pain originates.
referred pain
A poorly localized, dull or diffuse pain that arises from the abdominal organs or visceral.
Visceral pain
What is gastroenteritis?
stomach virus usually called stomach flu
Difference between off and online medical direction
offline is standing orders already in place no need to speak to MD. Online are given when the EMT calls MD and are given directly.
What is the function of insulin and glucose in the body
Glucose is the body’s basis source of energy insulin is a hormone that regulates the body’s energy supply
Difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes
type one when the pancreas creates little to no insulin.
Type 2 When the body has a hard time controlling blood sugar and using it for energy.
When interviewing a patient what type of questions should you use
Close ended questions
What organ is usually associated with alcohol abuse
Liver
S/S os ALCOHOL ABUSE
Blurred vision
Poor coordination
confusion
Lack of memory blackout
Altered mental status
What are dt’s s/s?
DT’s are reactions that can be part of alcohol withdrawal.
S/S include: Hypertension, Hallucinations, Seizures, tachycardia
What is albuterol
It sis medication that opens up the airways in the lungs.
It only can be given by inhalation.
S/S of AAA
Abdominal aortic aneurysm: ballooning or weakening of the wall of the aorta as it passes through the abdomen.
s/s: sharp or tearing pain that radiayes to the back .
What the EMT is allowed to do (procedures drug administration)
Scope of practice
Waves of sharp pain caused by kidney dysfunction.
renal colic
renal calculi s/s
Kidney stones. If remain in kidneys symptoms but if it descends from kidneys and get lodged in the ureter causes severe pain that radiates to the groin area
S/S of schizophrenia
When the patients has thoughts or experiences that seem out of touch with reality
S/S: Hallucination, amnesia, mental confusion paranoia, fear, incoherent speech
What age group is concerned about body image?
Adolescence age 13-18
difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
Aerobic uses oxygen to metabolize glucose into while in anaerobic glucose is metabolized into energy without oxygen.
When should you use a NRB?
10-15l/min more severe case shows signs of respiratory distress but is consciousness and can maintain their airway. Example: RR:26/min, SPO2:90%, W:1-2-word sentences with labored breathing
When should you use a nasal canula?
1-6 liters/min you should use it when the patients RR SPO2 aren’t that far off from normal reading. Also, the patient can still speak up to 4 words and when there are no retractions and full accessory muscle use Example RR: 22/min SPO2 92% W 3-4 words.
When should you use a BVM?
15l/min when the patient is unresponsive and can’t maintain their own airway.
Example: RR:8/min SPO2:86% W:0 L: unresponsive
Epi auto injector dosage and steps
Dosage: Adults:0.3mg Infant/child: 0.15mg
1.Obtain patients auto injector insure:
A.5 rights
B. Medication is not dissolved or expired
2. obtain order from medical direction offline or online
3. Remove safety cap
4.Grasp center of injector
5. place injector on mid lateral thigh
6. Press firmly into skin until it activates and hold for 10 seconds.
7.Document administration and time
8.Dispose in biohazard container.
Routes of administration
1.Oral: chewed or swallowed
2.Sublingual: under the tongue
3. Inhaled or breath through lungs.
4. Subcutaneous: under the skin
5. intravenous: injected into veins
6.Intramuscular: Injected into the muscle
7.Intranasal: sprayed into nostrils
8. Intraosseous: injected into bone marrow cavity
9. Endotracheal: sprayed directly into a tube inserted into the trachea
What is the normal blood glucose levels?
60-140mg per deciliter or 60-140mg/dL
What cell fragment are attracted to injured tissues to initiate clotting?
Platelets
What drug administration will typically absorb through the mucous membrane
Intranasal
5 stages of grief
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
What does the abbreviation po stand for?
per os or by mouth
Where is your appendix located?
in your lower right quadrant
S/S of appendicitis
Nausea and sometimes vomiting, initial pain in the umbilicus, followed by persistent pain in the RLQ.
A hole in the muscle layers of the abdominal wall, allowing tissues usually intestines to protrude up against the skin?
Hernia
S/S of a Gi bleed
Black or tarry stool, dark or bright red blood mixed with stool, coffee ground emesis.
What is an acute stress reaction?
A reaction that occurs simultaneously with or shortly after the critical incident
Where are the majority of ambulance accidents located
Intersection
When an EMT acts with proper care and concern
Due regard
How does cpr differ from adults’ children and infants?
In children you would check the heel of their feet for responsiveness
with chest compressions for a child you would use 2 fingers also back slaps
4 ways poison can enter the body.
Ingested, Inhaled, Absorbed, Injected
Which rhythm is shockable by an AED
ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia
How often do we reassess vitals on a unstable patient
Every 5 minutes
How often do we reassess vitals on a stable patient
Every 15 minutes
What is the recommended dosage for intranasal naloxone for an adult patient
2 mg
Which patient would benefit most from activated charcoal poisoning
Patient that attempted a stimulant overdose
With exception of the_, most abdominal organs are not able to sense tearing sensations
The Aorta
Organs of the right upper quadrant include:
Most of the liver, gallbladder, and part of the large intestine
Once you have established with reasonable certainty that your patient is suffering from a behavioral emergency, what is the best course of action
Attempt to determine if there is a possible physical cause for the patient’s behavior
Your patient is a 15 year old female who has been diagnosed with a personality disorder. She has no history of violent behavior. The staff at her residential care facility wants her to be transported for evaluation of a possible urinary tract infection. What could be a good way to handle this situation
Have female EMT attend to the patient
What is not a difference between acute anemia and chronic anemia
A Ute only progresses to shock overtime
The blood has many functions critical to a patient’s health. What is not a function of the blood
Removal of carbon monoxide from the cells
A patient with sickle cell anemia SCA may occasionally experience _,causing a blockage of small blood vessels
Sludging
Major functions of the kidneys
Filtration of blood, Removing waste products, Balancing salts and fluids
How hepatitis c spreads
It spreads through blood
When would an EMT use an Emergency move?
The scene is hazardous.
Care of life-threatening conditions requires repositioning.
You must reach other patients
When should an EMT use a urgent move
The treatment can only be performed if the patient is moved.
Factors at the scene cause patient decline
When should an EMT use an non urgent move
When there is no immediate threat to life
Normal vitals for an adult and how does it differ from children and infants.
Normal Vitals:
RR: 12-20/min
BP: Less than or equal to 120 (120/80)
Pulse 60-100/min
Its different from children and infants because infants and childrens resoiratory rate and heart rate are higher while their bp is lower
microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria that are carried in blood that cause disease in people?
Bloodborne pathogens
difference between open ended and close ended question
An open requires more than a yes or no answer. Example what can you tell me about your back pain?
Close ended requires only a yes or no. Ex: do you have a headache?
How can you violate HIPAA as an EMT
Breaching patient confidentiality
s/s of PTSD
Sleep: Nightmares
Mood: Loss of interest in activities guilt
Psychological: flash back, fear, anxiety
tidal vs minute volume
tidal is the volume of air moved in one cycle, its different from minute because in order to get it you have to multiply tidal by the respiratory rate.
Obligation to provide care for a patient
Duty to act
How to lift safely
Position feet properly
Use your legs
never turn or twist
do not compensate when lifting with one hand
Keep weight close to the body
when lifting a patient EMTs should have their palms
Facing up
When can I give oral glucose
Symptoms of altered mental status with known history of diabetes and patient is conscious
dehydration signs and symptoms
dry mouth lips and tongue, thirsty, dark yellow strong smelling pee
When two or more bones meet to allow movement
joints
What do crackles in the lungs indicate
Pulmonary Edema
What organ might be affected if a patient has RUQ pain
Gallbladder
Solid organs
Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Kidneys
Hollow organs
Esophagus, Stomach, small and large intestine, appendix gallbladder and bladder
abnormally low number of RBCs in the circulation due to SCD
SCA sickle cell anemia
inflammation of the kidney
pyelonephritis
Heps mode of transmission
Differences
A: Fecal oral
B and C: blood, semen, CSF, vaginal secretions
HEP A: leads to jaundice
B: Similar to a but more serious
C: you can get infected showing no symptoms and there is no vaccination
Opioid triad
symptoms seen in overdose:
Pinpoint pupils, respiratory depression, and decreased level of consciousness
carry chemical signals “messages” from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell.
neurotransmitters
indications and contraindications of aspirin
Inda: complain of chest discomfort, not allergic, patient is not taking blood thinners, able to swallow.
Contra: is taking blood thinners, allergic unable to swallow, has a known bleeding disorder,
ROSC
Return os spontaneous circulation is when the heart begins to beat on its own. After that you go from cardiac arrest mode to a post arrest model.
oragns of the RLQ
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