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EMT > Exam 3 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 3 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 8 stages of life and age range of each

A

Infancy (Birth to 1 year)
Toddler Phase (12-36 months)
Preschool (3-5 years)
School Age (6-12 years)
Adolescence(13-18)
Early Adulthood (19-40)
Middle Adulthood ( 41-60)
Late Adulthood (61 years and Older)

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2
Q

What reflexes should an Infant have

A

Moro reflex
Palmar reflex
Rooting Reflex
Sucking Reflex

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3
Q

How do vitals change as you age

A

As you age Heart rate and respiratory Rate gets lower while blood pressure gets higher

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4
Q

How is anaphylaxis different from a mild allergic reaction and how do treatment differ?

A

Anaphylaxis is different from a mild allergic reaction because they have similar signs and symptoms but in order for it to be anaphylaxis the patient would have to have signs of respiratory distress and shock. Treatment differs when it comes to administering epinephrine.

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5
Q

Epi Auto injector steps route and dosage

A

Route: Intramuscular
Dosage adults 0.3 mg Pediatricts: 0.15mg
1. Obtains patients prescribed Auto injector
2. Obtain an order from medical direction.
3. remove safety cap
4. Grasp the center of injector.
5. Place the tip of the injector against the patient’s thigh (Lateral portion of the thigh Midway between waist and knee)
6. Push injector firmly against the thigh until injector activates hold for 10 seconds
7. Document administration
8. Dispose of injector in biohazard container

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6
Q

What is uticaria

A

Hives

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7
Q

Signs of adequate breathing

A

Rate: Adult 12-20/min, Child 18-30/min infant 30-60/min
Rythm: Regular
Quality of breath sounds: Present and equal
Chest expansion: Adequate and equal
Effort of breathing: Unlabored, normal respiratory effort
Depth: Adequate

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8
Q

Signs of inadequate breathing

A

Rate: Above or below normal rates for each age group
Rhythm: may be irregular.
Quality of breath sounds: Diminished unequal or absent
Chest Expansion: Inadequate or Unequal
Effort of breathing: Labored
Depth: shallow

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9
Q

What is COPD

A

Mucus plugs up Alveoli and inflames alveoli and decreases surface area disrupts respiration (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

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10
Q

What is pulmonary Edema

A

Fluid buildup in the lungs

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11
Q

What is respiratory arrest? and how does it differ from failure

A

Respiratory arrest is the most severe stage. This occurs when breathing stops completely. Respiratory failure is when the body is becoming unable to support life this is when the body starts to fatigue due to the previous step respiratory distress

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12
Q

When should you use NRB over A BVM Vise versa

A

You should use a NRB when the patient is showing signs of respiratory distress but still able to manage their airway and conscious (because their spo2 is low and respiratory rate is high)
You should use A BVM When the patient cannot manage their own airway (Insufficient ventilation)

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13
Q

How is a pneumothorax best recognized?

A

sharp chest pain shortness of breath, tachycardic, cyanosis, low oxygen saturation.

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14
Q

difference between spontaneous and tension pneumothorax

A

tension is an emergency while spontaneous isn’t

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15
Q

What is external respiration

A

Inhilation, is the process of gas exchange between the body and external enviorment takes place in the lungs specifically the alveoli.

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16
Q

What is internal respiration

A

The gas exchange between the body’s cells and the blood

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17
Q

What is the first priority for a respiratory call after scene safety?

A

Is the airway open and will it stay open

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18
Q

What is stridor

A

A high-pitched whistling sound while taking a breath.

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19
Q

What will smoking cigarettes earn you later in life

A

Cancer, stroke, heart disease lung disease, COPD

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20
Q

How would i know if a patient has fluid in their lungs

A

Past history of heart failure, rapid respirations, low oxygen saturation

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21
Q

What is sepsis what does it look like

A

When your body releases chemicals to fight infection an and the chemical trigger inflammation throughout the body which causes damage to organ systems It looks like chills dizziness and fatigue

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22
Q

What happens to your bronchi and blood vessels during anaphylaxis

A

Blood vessels vasodilate resulting in low blood pressure and the bronchi constrict

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23
Q

What is a pulse oximeter whats a normal reading when can it become unreliable

A

Pulse ox measures the oxygen saturation without taking a blood sample a normal reading would be 96 to 100 it can become unreliable when the patient is moving

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24
Q

What should I set cpap at indications and contraindications?

A

You should set cpap at 5 to 7 centimeters of h20. Indications are Pulmonary edema and drowning COPD, Asthma and Respiratory failure. Contraindications are anatomic-physiologic (inability to sit up or get a good mask seal) and pathologic (Nausea vomiting chest trauma, Gi bleed)

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25
Q

What are the rules for suctioning? Indications?

A

Indications for suctioning are when fluids and secretions are in the airway and when a gurgling sound is heard
Rules
1. Always use appropriate infection control practices when suctioning
2. Suction no more than 10 seconds at a time
3. Place the catheter where you want to suction and suction on the way out

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26
Q

What does AMI stand for

A

Acute Myocardial infarction

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27
Q

What is CHF S/S?

A

CHF is congestive heart failure, JVD dyspnea, tachycardia

28
Q

Difference between thrombus and embolism

A

embolism unlike a thrombus doesn’t stay in one place an embolism can move to occlude the flow of blood somewhere downstream in a smaller artery

29
Q

What are some risk factors for CAD

A

Obesity, lack of exercise, elevated blood vessels of cholesterol and triglycerides and cigarette smoking

30
Q

Max dose for nitroglycerin

A

3 doses of 0.4mg or 1.2mg

31
Q

Difference between stable angina and mi

A

Angina can be caused by a temporary state also angina is caused by narrowed coronary arteries while a mi means they are blocked which causes permanent damage.

32
Q

Wat does infarction mean and how does it differ from ischemia

A

infarction means blood flow has been completely cut off, it differs from ischemia because ischemia results in insufficient oxygen in a tissue while infarction results in necrosis or cellular death

33
Q

When should i give nitro and when shouldn’t I

A

When: Acute Angina, pulmonary edema, hypertension, ischemic chest pain, heart failure
When not: hypotension, hypovolemia

34
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Build up of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls

35
Q

Angioplasty?

A

a procedure used to open blocked coronary arteries caused by CAD

36
Q

When do we give aspirin? What is it for and what is the dose

A

We give aspirin for chest pain of cardiac origin, dosage: 162-325 mg of chewable baby aspirin

37
Q

Difference between left and right heart failure

A

if the left side of the heart fails it can’t pump blood which keeps organs from receiving oxygen while if the right side fails it can’t pump blood into the lungs

38
Q

What is aura

A

a sensation experienced right before a seizure, which might be a smell sound or general feeling.

39
Q

What are the three phases of a seizure and how long do they last?

A
  1. Tonic phase: body becomes rigid, stiffening for no more than 30 seconds
  2. Clonic phase: body jerks about violently patient may foam at the mouth some last for 5 minutes but usually no more than 1 to 2 minutes
  3. Postictal phase: when the patient gains consciousness times very some come back immediately while others take longer
40
Q

What is a generalized seizure?

A

a seizure that effects both sides of the brain

41
Q

What is a partial seizure?

A

A seizure that affects only one part or side of the brain

42
Q

Common causes of seizures in adults and children

A

Adults and children: Hypoxia, stroke, traumatic brain injury, toxins, hypoglycemia, brain tumor Congenital brain defects, infection, metabolic, idiopathic.
Specifically in adults not taking antiseizure medicine.
Specifically in infants and children high fever (febrile seizures)

43
Q

tonic clonic seizure

A

a generalized seizure in which the patient loses consciousness and has jerking movements of paired muscle groups

44
Q

epilepsy

A

a medical condition that causes seizures

45
Q

What should I never do when treating a seizure patient and how should i treat them.

A

you should never keep the patient standing and never place anything in a seizing patient mouth.
You should treat them by:
1. Placing them on the ground if there is no possibility of spinal injury position them on the side to allow mouth drainage
2. loosen restrictive clothing
3. protect patient from injury do not hold patient still during convulsions. Remove objects that might harm the patient

46
Q

What is CVA also known as

A

it is a cerebrovascular accident which in now called a stroke.

47
Q

What is a TIA

A

it stands for Transient Ischemic Attack or ministroke this is when you get a call about a patient having stroke like symptoms and then once you arrive the patient is perfectly normal

48
Q

status epilepticus

A

a prolonged seizure situation when a person suffers two or more convulsive seizures without regaining full consciousness.

49
Q

How is a simple partial seizure different from a complex partial seizure

A

with a simple partial seizure, it involves stiffening and tingling in just one part of the body in complex partial seizure the seizing person would appear like they are drunk or on drugs

50
Q

What does an absent seizure look like? Same or different than a petit mal seizure?

A

In an Absent seizure there is no dramatic motor activity instead there is a temporary loss of consciousness or awareness which can go unnoticed. It is the same as a petit mal seizure

51
Q

aphasia and the two types

A

loss of ability to understand or express speech
1. Expressive aphasia: patient understands what being said but in response uses the wrong words
2. Receptive aphasia: patient can speak clearly but cannot understand what you are saying

52
Q

What is the Cincinati prehospital stroke scale other s/s of stroke

A

The cincinati prehospital stroke scale is used to assess stroke probability consist of:
1. Facial droop
2. Arm drift
3. slurred speech

Other s/s:
1. Confusion
2. Dizziness
3. paralysis
4. Loss of bladder control
5. Hypotension

53
Q

What is syncope and how do we treat it

A

syncope is fainting we treat it by laying the patient flat loosen any tight clothing from around the neck, administer oxygen based on saturation levels

54
Q

What are the common causes of syncope?

A

Cardiovascular causes, hypovolemic causes, structural metabolic causes, environmental toxicological causes

55
Q

When do you give and not give oral glucose

A

indication: Patient with altered mental status and a known history of diabetes
Contra Indications: Unconsciousness, Known diabetic whom has not taken insulin for days, Unable to swallow.

56
Q

describe hypo and hyperglycemia and treatments

A

Hypoglycemia is low blood sugar a treatment for that would be eating or drinking something with sugar in it or glucagon.
Hyperglycemia is high blood sugar a treatment for that would be short acting insulin.

57
Q

What is a normal reading on a glucometer? What would be considered hypo and hyperglycemic?

A

a blood sugar level less than 140 is normal.
lower than 60 means hypoglycemia
Higher than 140 means hyperglycemia

58
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A

a condition that occurs as a result of hyperglycemia, symptoms are dehydration, altered mental status, and shock.

59
Q

diabetes

A

a condition when your blood glucose is too high.
Type 1. a lifelong condition when the pancreas creates little to no insulin.
Type 2. When the body has a hard time controlling blood sugar and using it for energy

60
Q

What is the role of glucose and insulin. Where does insulin come from?

A

Insulin comes from the pancreas and the islets of Langerhans secret insulin. Glucose is the body’s basic source of energy. The relationship they have is a lock and key relationship. In order for glucose to enter the locked cell it needs the key which is insulin to get in.

61
Q

What are bloodborne pathogens

A

viruses and bacteria that are carried in blood and can cause disease in people.

62
Q

communicable disease

A

diseases that can be passed from one individual to another, through direct contact, or contact with secretions from an infected person.

63
Q

What do we know about hepatitis’s

A

Hepatitis is a term that means inflammation of the liver
5 types of hep
A: Jaundice
B: is different form a because it is more serious
c: similar to b but jaundice is less common, and you can get infected without showing symptoms.
D: no vaccine and more sudden onset than b if immunized with HBV you can’t get it
E: Very similar to A but not common in the U.S and is spread through contaminated drinking water

64
Q

if a kid is drooling and in respiratory distress it is

A

epiglottitis

65
Q

How are different diseases transmitted

A

Chicken pox: airborne droplets and open sores
Measles: airborne droplets and direct contact with nasal and throat secretions
Mumps: droplets of saliva or contact with objects contaminated by saliva
Hep a: fecal oral
Hep B and c and HIV/Aids: blood, semen, CSF, Vaginal secretions
Croup: droplets direct contact
Pertussis: airborne droplets
Pneumonia: Droplets
TB: Airborne droplets
Meningitis: Direct contact

66
Q

The diseases

A

Chicken pox: Rash common on the chest, abdomen, back and proximal extremities
Mumps: Swelling and inflammation of the salivary glands
Measles: White or bluish white spots on the inside of the cheek
HIV/Aids
Influenza: Flu symptoms like nonproductive cough muscle aches severe sore throat
Croup:: a cough that sounds like a seal barking think about kids
Pertussis: whooping sound when coughing and vomiting after coughing
Pneumonia: chest pain that worsens on inspiration productive cough
TB: puss filled cough night sweats and weight loss
Meningitis: abrupt onset of fever, nausea vomiting, potential brain damage

EMT (31 decks)

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