midterm review Flashcards
ageism
form of discrimination agains older adults based on their age; stereotypes about old people
gerontology
study of aging from maturity to old age
paul bates 4 features of life-span perspective
- multidirectionality
- plasticity
- historical context
- multiple causation
paul bates 4 features of life-span perspective: multidirectionality
development involved both growth and decline; as people grow in one area, they may lose in another and at different rates
paul bates 4 features of life-span perspective: plasticity
one’s capacity is not predetermined or set in concrete, many skills can be trained or improved with practice; limits to degree of potential improvement
paul bates 4 features of life-span perspective: historical context
each of us develops within a particular set of circumstances determined by the historical time in which we are born and the culture in which we grow up
paul bates 4 features of life-span perspective: multiple causation
how people develop results from a wide variety of forces; biological, psychological, sociocultural, life-cycle forces
identify normative and non-normative influences on aging: normative age graded
experiences cause by biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces that occur to most people of a particular age; major time marked events
identify normative and non-normative influences on aging: normative history graded influences
event that msot people in a specific culture experience at the same time; give a generation its unique identity
identify normative and non-normative influences on aging: non-normative influences
random or rare events that may be important for a specific individual but are not experienced by most people
identify and differentiate the types of research designs: cross sectional
developmental differences are identified by testing people of different ages at the same time; learn nothing about continuity
identify and differentiate the types of research designs: longitudinal
same individuals are observed or tested repeatedly at different points in their lives; practice effects
identify and differentiate the types of research designs: cross sequential
two or more cross sectional studies at two or more times of measurement
identify and differentiate the types of research designs: longitudinal sequential
two or more longitudinal designs that represent two or more cohorts
reliable
consistent
valid
measures what it attempts to measure
identify and differentiate the types of research designs: systematic observation
watching and recording
identify and differentiate the types of research designs: use task to sample behavior
ask they to do a task to see how they behave
identify and differentiate the types of research designs: self reports
ask them to self report on behavior
identify and differentiate the types of research designs: experimental
IV, DV, control
identify and differentiate the types of research designs: correlational
relationships
identify and differentiate the types of research designs: case study
intensive study of one person or a small group
age effects
reflect differences caused by underlying processes; inherent changes
cohort effects
caused by experiences and circumstances unique to the generation to which one belongs
time of measurement effects
reflect difference stemming from sociocultural, environmental, historical, or other events at the time data obtained
understand factors to consider when researching older adult samples
minimize risk, describe research to potential participants, informed consent, avoid deception (debrief), anonymous/confidential results
4 forces influencing aging and development:
biological, psychological, sociocultural, life-cycle forces
4 forces influencing aging and development: biological
all genetic and health related factors that affect development; menopause, facial wrinkling, changes in the major organ systems
4 forces influencing aging and development: psychological
include all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors taht affect development; characteristics that make people individuals
4 forces influencing aging and development: sociocultural
interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic forces that affect development; overall contexts in which we change
4 forces influencing aging and development: life-cycle forces
reflect differences in combo of other forces that affect people at different point in their lives
how population is projected to change by 2050
dramatic increase of older adults; baby boomers, advanced medicine; over 19 million older adults
recognize differences in aging: primary
normal, disease-free development during adulthood; inevitable changes in the aging process
recognize differences in aging: secondary
developmental changes that are related to disease, lifestyle, and other environmentally induced changes that are not inevitable (pollution, alzheimer’s and dementia)
recognize differences in aging: tertiary
rapid losses that occur shortly before death; terminal drop (intellectual abilities show marked decline in the last few years before death)
chronological aging
shorthand way to index time and organize events and data; calendar time
perceived age
how old you feel
biological age
measuring the functioning of the various vital, life-limiting, organ systems
psychological age
functional level of psychological abilities people use to adapt to changing environmental demands
sociocultural age
specific set of roles individuals adopt in relation to other members of society and culture to which they belong
different types of neuroimaging techniques: structural
highly detailed images at one point; xray, CT, MRI
different types of neuroimaging techniques: functional
what parts of the brain are active during specific task: SPECT, PET, fMRI, NIRSI
identify and label parts of the neuron
dendrite, axon, cell body, terminals
frontal lobe
executive functions (think, plan, organize, problem solve), regulate emotions
temporal
memory, understanding language
parietal
perception, sensory input, proprioception
occipital
vision
limbic system
amygdala and hippocampus
age related changes: plaques and tangles
tangles in axon fibers, deposits of plaque
age related changes: dendrites/neuronal connections
number and size of dendrites decreases, synapses decrease
age related changes: how the neurons communicate
less synapses, number of neurons decrease, white matter shrinks
age related changes: structural changes
difficulty focusing, memory decline, regulate emotions, automatic judgements
bilateralization and its purpose
use both hemispheres to compensate for loss
what factors preserve memory
- plasticity (effects of experience on structures and function of neural system)
- exercise
- nutrition
- socialization
socioemotional selectivity theory
people become more selective and invest greater resources in emotionally meaningful goals and activities
age related changes: changes in skin
outer layer becomes thinner, collagen fibers lose flexibility, elastin fibers lose ability to keep skin stretched, underlying layer of fat diminishes
age related changes: changes in hair
destruction of germ centers that produce hair follicles, women gain facial hair
age related changes: changes in voice
lower pitch, increased breathlessness, slower pronunciation, decreased volume
age related changes: changes in body build
men lose 1 in and women lose 2 between 50-70; compression of spine; loss of bone strength; weight gain then loss
age related changes: changes in muscle
start to lose mass at 70 (20%), up to 40% loss by 80;
age related changes: changes in bones
loss begins in 30s (accelerates in 50s and slows in 70s); women more susceptible (osteroporosis)
prevent osteoporosis
weight bearing exercise, strength training, calcium/vitamin D, reduce alcohol, bisphosphonates, supplements
age related changes: changes in joints
osteoarthritis (bone to bone, nothing in between); rheumatoid arthritis-swelling
age related changes: vision changes
structural changes in eyes decrease light that gets in; adaptation, color discrimination, presbypoia, cataracts, glaucoma; macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy
age related changes: hearing changes
damage from loud environments; presbycusis
age related changes: somesthesia and balance
loss of touch, temp regulation, pain sensitivity, kinesthesis, balance
age related changes: taste and smell
inability
age related changes: reproductive
women go through menopause
recognize psychological impacts of changes
depression, lower self-esteem, strain on relationships, isolation, dependence, irritation, paranoia
define the hayflick limit
limited number of times a cell can divide; telomeres shorten and eventually cell division stops
define cross linking
certain proteins in human cells interact randomly and produce molecules that are linked in such a way as to make the body stiffer (why skin wrinkles)
maximum and average longevity
- maximum: oldest age to which an individual of species lives (120)
- average: age at which half of individuals born in year dies (79)
factors that contribute to longevity
genetic (family, gender); environmental (disease, toxins, lifestyle, social class); ethnicity (nutrition, access, stress, SES)
define health
state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease or impairment
examples of health related and non health related quality of life
health: to what extent does distress from illness or side effects associated with treatment reduce a persons wish to live (evaluation on life, attachment to present life, hope for future, find meaning)
non health: things in the environment such as availability of entertainment, economic resources that can impact our level of enjoyment
basics of acute and chronic conditions
acute: develop over short period of time and cause rapid change in health (less)
chronic: conditions that last a long time (3+ months) and may have residual functional impairment that necessitates long term management (cancer, diabetes, heart disease, pain)
polypharmacy; metabolism; absorption; excretion
- use of multiple medications
- getting rid of medicine in the bloodstream (liver)
- time for medicine to enter the bloodstream for distribution through the body
- kidneys in urine
difference between ADLs and IADLs
- basic self care, eating, walking, bathing, dressing
- paying bills, medicines, complete chores
define competence and environmental press and their role on independent living
- competence: upper limit of person’s ability to function in 5 domains (physical health, sensory-perceptual skills, motor skills, cognitive skills, ego strength)
- environmental press: physical, interpersonal, or social demand that environment put on people
- too many demands with low competence/too few demands with high competence result in maladaptive behavior and negative emotion
- adaptation level: are where press level is average for particular level of competence; where behavior and affect are normal
aspects of aging in place and factors that go into decision
- patient input
- safety
- capacity/competency/environmental press
- are they competent to deal with the amount of environmental press they face
adult day care
i. provide support, companionship, services during day
1. mental simtulation, exercise, therapy
2. caregiver respite
ii. structure and meaning
iii. 3 types
1. social services, meals, recreation, minor health care
2. more intensive health care, therapy, serious medical problems
3. specialize care for dementia or developmental disabilities
assisted living
i. supportive living arrangement for people who need assistance with personal care but aren’t mentally impaired enough to require 24 hour care
ii. 3 essential attributes
1. as home like as possible
2. emphasize personal control, choice, dignity, autonomy
3. meet routine service and special needs
iii. not offset by Medicare
nursing home
i. two levels of care
1. skilled nursing: 24 hour care, medical and other health services; help with lots of things
2. intermediate: less intense 24 hour care; help with at least 2 ADLs
iii. characteristics of nursing homes
1. find optimal level of environmental support for people of low levels of competence
2. level of staff skill, Medicare/Medicaid, upper staff fully licensed, patient centered care plan, quality of life, safety concerns,
characteristics of people in nursing home
85+, European American, women, recently admitted to a hospital, not a homeowner, widowed/divorced, no close relatives, cognitive impairment, problems with IADLs, health issues and functional impairment (80% main reason for placement), mobility/eating/incontinence problems, 30-50% show signs of clinical depression
kurt lewins theory of person-environment interactions
B=f (P, E)
behavior is a function of the person and environment
understand the info processing model
encode, store, retrieve
recgonize difference between automatic and efforful processing
auto: minimal demands on attentional capacity
effortful: requires all available attention
identify types of memory: sensory
brief and almost identical representation of stimuli that exists in observable environment
identify types of memory: working
active processes and structures involved in holding info in mind and using info to solve problems, make decisions, learn new info
identify types of memory: implicit
retrieval of info without conscious or intentional recollection
identify types of memory: explicit
intentional and conscious remembering
identify types of memory: semantic
meaning of words/concepts
identify types of memory: episodic
conscious recollection of info from specific time, event
identify types of memory: prospective
remembering to perform a planned action in the future (event, time)
identify types of memory: autobiographical
form of episodic, remembering events from own life
identify different types of memory aids
internal: mental processes, rote rehearsals, mnemonics
external: notebooks, calendars, lists
understand basic differences between normal and abnormal age related changes in memory
if changes disrupt a persons ability to function in everyday life
understand the lfiespan view of intelligence
- multidimensional: many different domains
- multi-directional: distinct patterns of change in our abilities over the lifespan
- plasticity: range of functining within an individual and the conditions under which a persons abilities can be modified
- inter-individual variability: adults differ in direction of intellectual development, some show decline, others show stability
identify the dual component model of intelligence: mechanics
neurophysiological architecture of the mind (cognitive abilities, thinking, spatial orientation, perceptual speed), biologically predisposed, declines as we age; fluid
identify the dual component model of intelligence: pragmatics
acquired bodies of knowledge, everyday cognitive performance (verbal knowledge, wisdom, practical problem solving)
ways to measure intelligence
psychometric (outcome oriented, standardized) vs cognitive-structural (process, quality and style of problem solving and conceptualization)
fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence and how they change
fluid: flexible and adaptive thinker, inferences, understand relationships; decline
crystallized: knowledge gained through life experiences; stronger
factors that influence observed tasks of daily living
direct: age, fluid and crystallized intelligence
indirect: perceptual speed, memory, several aspects of health
how older adults tend to engage in decision making
slower, search for less info, need less info, rely on easily accessible info
absolutist
firmly beleive that there is only one correct solution (adolescent and young adults)
relatvistic
right answer depends on the situation (young and early middle aged adults)
dialectical
see the merits of various viewpoints by synthesizing into a workable solution
