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Adult Development and Aging > midterm review > Flashcards

midterm review Flashcards

1
Q

ageism

A

form of discrimination agains older adults based on their age; stereotypes about old people

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2
Q

gerontology

A

study of aging from maturity to old age

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3
Q

paul bates 4 features of life-span perspective

A
  1. multidirectionality
  2. plasticity
  3. historical context
  4. multiple causation
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4
Q

paul bates 4 features of life-span perspective: multidirectionality

A

development involved both growth and decline; as people grow in one area, they may lose in another and at different rates

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5
Q

paul bates 4 features of life-span perspective: plasticity

A

one’s capacity is not predetermined or set in concrete, many skills can be trained or improved with practice; limits to degree of potential improvement

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6
Q

paul bates 4 features of life-span perspective: historical context

A

each of us develops within a particular set of circumstances determined by the historical time in which we are born and the culture in which we grow up

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7
Q

paul bates 4 features of life-span perspective: multiple causation

A

how people develop results from a wide variety of forces; biological, psychological, sociocultural, life-cycle forces

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8
Q

identify normative and non-normative influences on aging: normative age graded

A

experiences cause by biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces that occur to most people of a particular age; major time marked events

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9
Q

identify normative and non-normative influences on aging: normative history graded influences

A

event that msot people in a specific culture experience at the same time; give a generation its unique identity

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10
Q

identify normative and non-normative influences on aging: non-normative influences

A

random or rare events that may be important for a specific individual but are not experienced by most people

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11
Q

identify and differentiate the types of research designs: cross sectional

A

developmental differences are identified by testing people of different ages at the same time; learn nothing about continuity

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12
Q

identify and differentiate the types of research designs: longitudinal

A

same individuals are observed or tested repeatedly at different points in their lives; practice effects

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13
Q

identify and differentiate the types of research designs: cross sequential

A

two or more cross sectional studies at two or more times of measurement

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14
Q

identify and differentiate the types of research designs: longitudinal sequential

A

two or more longitudinal designs that represent two or more cohorts

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15
Q

reliable

A

consistent

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16
Q

valid

A

measures what it attempts to measure

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17
Q

identify and differentiate the types of research designs: systematic observation

A

watching and recording

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18
Q

identify and differentiate the types of research designs: use task to sample behavior

A

ask they to do a task to see how they behave

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19
Q

identify and differentiate the types of research designs: self reports

A

ask them to self report on behavior

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20
Q

identify and differentiate the types of research designs: experimental

A

IV, DV, control

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21
Q

identify and differentiate the types of research designs: correlational

A

relationships

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22
Q

identify and differentiate the types of research designs: case study

A

intensive study of one person or a small group

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23
Q

age effects

A

reflect differences caused by underlying processes; inherent changes

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24
Q

cohort effects

A

caused by experiences and circumstances unique to the generation to which one belongs

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25
Q

time of measurement effects

A

reflect difference stemming from sociocultural, environmental, historical, or other events at the time data obtained

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26
Q

understand factors to consider when researching older adult samples

A

minimize risk, describe research to potential participants, informed consent, avoid deception (debrief), anonymous/confidential results

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27
Q

4 forces influencing aging and development:

A

biological, psychological, sociocultural, life-cycle forces

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28
Q

4 forces influencing aging and development: biological

A

all genetic and health related factors that affect development; menopause, facial wrinkling, changes in the major organ systems

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29
Q

4 forces influencing aging and development: psychological

A

include all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors taht affect development; characteristics that make people individuals

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30
Q

4 forces influencing aging and development: sociocultural

A

interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic forces that affect development; overall contexts in which we change

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31
Q

4 forces influencing aging and development: life-cycle forces

A

reflect differences in combo of other forces that affect people at different point in their lives

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32
Q

how population is projected to change by 2050

A

dramatic increase of older adults; baby boomers, advanced medicine; over 19 million older adults

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33
Q

recognize differences in aging: primary

A

normal, disease-free development during adulthood; inevitable changes in the aging process

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34
Q

recognize differences in aging: secondary

A

developmental changes that are related to disease, lifestyle, and other environmentally induced changes that are not inevitable (pollution, alzheimer’s and dementia)

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35
Q

recognize differences in aging: tertiary

A

rapid losses that occur shortly before death; terminal drop (intellectual abilities show marked decline in the last few years before death)

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36
Q

chronological aging

A

shorthand way to index time and organize events and data; calendar time

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37
Q

perceived age

A

how old you feel

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38
Q

biological age

A

measuring the functioning of the various vital, life-limiting, organ systems

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39
Q

psychological age

A

functional level of psychological abilities people use to adapt to changing environmental demands

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40
Q

sociocultural age

A

specific set of roles individuals adopt in relation to other members of society and culture to which they belong

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41
Q

different types of neuroimaging techniques: structural

A

highly detailed images at one point; xray, CT, MRI

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42
Q

different types of neuroimaging techniques: functional

A

what parts of the brain are active during specific task: SPECT, PET, fMRI, NIRSI

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43
Q

identify and label parts of the neuron

A

dendrite, axon, cell body, terminals

44
Q

frontal lobe

A

executive functions (think, plan, organize, problem solve), regulate emotions

45
Q

temporal

A

memory, understanding language

46
Q

parietal

A

perception, sensory input, proprioception

47
Q

occipital

A

vision

48
Q

limbic system

A

amygdala and hippocampus

49
Q

age related changes: plaques and tangles

A

tangles in axon fibers, deposits of plaque

50
Q

age related changes: dendrites/neuronal connections

A

number and size of dendrites decreases, synapses decrease

51
Q

age related changes: how the neurons communicate

A

less synapses, number of neurons decrease, white matter shrinks

52
Q

age related changes: structural changes

A

difficulty focusing, memory decline, regulate emotions, automatic judgements

53
Q

bilateralization and its purpose

A

use both hemispheres to compensate for loss

54
Q

what factors preserve memory

A
  1. plasticity (effects of experience on structures and function of neural system)
  2. exercise
  3. nutrition
  4. socialization
55
Q

socioemotional selectivity theory

A

people become more selective and invest greater resources in emotionally meaningful goals and activities

56
Q

age related changes: changes in skin

A

outer layer becomes thinner, collagen fibers lose flexibility, elastin fibers lose ability to keep skin stretched, underlying layer of fat diminishes

57
Q

age related changes: changes in hair

A

destruction of germ centers that produce hair follicles, women gain facial hair

58
Q

age related changes: changes in voice

A

lower pitch, increased breathlessness, slower pronunciation, decreased volume

59
Q

age related changes: changes in body build

A

men lose 1 in and women lose 2 between 50-70; compression of spine; loss of bone strength; weight gain then loss

60
Q

age related changes: changes in muscle

A

start to lose mass at 70 (20%), up to 40% loss by 80;

61
Q

age related changes: changes in bones

A

loss begins in 30s (accelerates in 50s and slows in 70s); women more susceptible (osteroporosis)

62
Q

prevent osteoporosis

A

weight bearing exercise, strength training, calcium/vitamin D, reduce alcohol, bisphosphonates, supplements

63
Q

age related changes: changes in joints

A

osteoarthritis (bone to bone, nothing in between); rheumatoid arthritis-swelling

64
Q

age related changes: vision changes

A

structural changes in eyes decrease light that gets in; adaptation, color discrimination, presbypoia, cataracts, glaucoma; macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy

65
Q

age related changes: hearing changes

A

damage from loud environments; presbycusis

66
Q

age related changes: somesthesia and balance

A

loss of touch, temp regulation, pain sensitivity, kinesthesis, balance

67
Q

age related changes: taste and smell

A

inability

68
Q

age related changes: reproductive

A

women go through menopause

69
Q

recognize psychological impacts of changes

A

depression, lower self-esteem, strain on relationships, isolation, dependence, irritation, paranoia

70
Q

define the hayflick limit

A

limited number of times a cell can divide; telomeres shorten and eventually cell division stops

71
Q

define cross linking

A

certain proteins in human cells interact randomly and produce molecules that are linked in such a way as to make the body stiffer (why skin wrinkles)

72
Q

maximum and average longevity

A
  • maximum: oldest age to which an individual of species lives (120)
  • average: age at which half of individuals born in year dies (79)
73
Q

factors that contribute to longevity

A

genetic (family, gender); environmental (disease, toxins, lifestyle, social class); ethnicity (nutrition, access, stress, SES)

74
Q

define health

A

state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease or impairment

75
Q

examples of health related and non health related quality of life

A

health: to what extent does distress from illness or side effects associated with treatment reduce a persons wish to live (evaluation on life, attachment to present life, hope for future, find meaning)
non health: things in the environment such as availability of entertainment, economic resources that can impact our level of enjoyment

76
Q

basics of acute and chronic conditions

A

acute: develop over short period of time and cause rapid change in health (less)
chronic: conditions that last a long time (3+ months) and may have residual functional impairment that necessitates long term management (cancer, diabetes, heart disease, pain)

77
Q

polypharmacy; metabolism; absorption; excretion

A
  • use of multiple medications
  • getting rid of medicine in the bloodstream (liver)
  • time for medicine to enter the bloodstream for distribution through the body
  • kidneys in urine
78
Q

difference between ADLs and IADLs

A
  • basic self care, eating, walking, bathing, dressing

- paying bills, medicines, complete chores

79
Q

define competence and environmental press and their role on independent living

A
  • competence: upper limit of person’s ability to function in 5 domains (physical health, sensory-perceptual skills, motor skills, cognitive skills, ego strength)
  • environmental press: physical, interpersonal, or social demand that environment put on people
  • too many demands with low competence/too few demands with high competence result in maladaptive behavior and negative emotion
  • adaptation level: are where press level is average for particular level of competence; where behavior and affect are normal
80
Q

aspects of aging in place and factors that go into decision

A
  1. patient input
  2. safety
  3. capacity/competency/environmental press
    - are they competent to deal with the amount of environmental press they face
81
Q

adult day care

A

i. provide support, companionship, services during day
1. mental simtulation, exercise, therapy
2. caregiver respite
ii. structure and meaning
iii. 3 types
1. social services, meals, recreation, minor health care
2. more intensive health care, therapy, serious medical problems
3. specialize care for dementia or developmental disabilities

82
Q

assisted living

A

i. supportive living arrangement for people who need assistance with personal care but aren’t mentally impaired enough to require 24 hour care
ii. 3 essential attributes
1. as home like as possible
2. emphasize personal control, choice, dignity, autonomy
3. meet routine service and special needs
iii. not offset by Medicare

83
Q

nursing home

A

i. two levels of care
1. skilled nursing: 24 hour care, medical and other health services; help with lots of things
2. intermediate: less intense 24 hour care; help with at least 2 ADLs
iii. characteristics of nursing homes
1. find optimal level of environmental support for people of low levels of competence
2. level of staff skill, Medicare/Medicaid, upper staff fully licensed, patient centered care plan, quality of life, safety concerns,

84
Q

characteristics of people in nursing home

A

85+, European American, women, recently admitted to a hospital, not a homeowner, widowed/divorced, no close relatives, cognitive impairment, problems with IADLs, health issues and functional impairment (80% main reason for placement), mobility/eating/incontinence problems, 30-50% show signs of clinical depression

85
Q

kurt lewins theory of person-environment interactions

A

B=f (P, E)

behavior is a function of the person and environment

86
Q

understand the info processing model

A

encode, store, retrieve

87
Q

recgonize difference between automatic and efforful processing

A

auto: minimal demands on attentional capacity
effortful: requires all available attention

88
Q

identify types of memory: sensory

A

brief and almost identical representation of stimuli that exists in observable environment

89
Q

identify types of memory: working

A

active processes and structures involved in holding info in mind and using info to solve problems, make decisions, learn new info

90
Q

identify types of memory: implicit

A

retrieval of info without conscious or intentional recollection

91
Q

identify types of memory: explicit

A

intentional and conscious remembering

92
Q

identify types of memory: semantic

A

meaning of words/concepts

93
Q

identify types of memory: episodic

A

conscious recollection of info from specific time, event

94
Q

identify types of memory: prospective

A

remembering to perform a planned action in the future (event, time)

95
Q

identify types of memory: autobiographical

A

form of episodic, remembering events from own life

96
Q

identify different types of memory aids

A

internal: mental processes, rote rehearsals, mnemonics
external: notebooks, calendars, lists

97
Q

understand basic differences between normal and abnormal age related changes in memory

A

if changes disrupt a persons ability to function in everyday life

98
Q

understand the lfiespan view of intelligence

A
  1. multidimensional: many different domains
  2. multi-directional: distinct patterns of change in our abilities over the lifespan
  3. plasticity: range of functining within an individual and the conditions under which a persons abilities can be modified
  4. inter-individual variability: adults differ in direction of intellectual development, some show decline, others show stability
99
Q

identify the dual component model of intelligence: mechanics

A

neurophysiological architecture of the mind (cognitive abilities, thinking, spatial orientation, perceptual speed), biologically predisposed, declines as we age; fluid

100
Q

identify the dual component model of intelligence: pragmatics

A

acquired bodies of knowledge, everyday cognitive performance (verbal knowledge, wisdom, practical problem solving)

101
Q

ways to measure intelligence

A

psychometric (outcome oriented, standardized) vs cognitive-structural (process, quality and style of problem solving and conceptualization)

102
Q

fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence and how they change

A

fluid: flexible and adaptive thinker, inferences, understand relationships; decline
crystallized: knowledge gained through life experiences; stronger

103
Q

factors that influence observed tasks of daily living

A

direct: age, fluid and crystallized intelligence
indirect: perceptual speed, memory, several aspects of health

104
Q

how older adults tend to engage in decision making

A

slower, search for less info, need less info, rely on easily accessible info

105
Q

absolutist

A

firmly beleive that there is only one correct solution (adolescent and young adults)

106
Q

relatvistic

A

right answer depends on the situation (young and early middle aged adults)

107
Q

dialectical

A

see the merits of various viewpoints by synthesizing into a workable solution

Adult Development and Aging (7 decks)

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