final review Flashcards
ch 8: basic concepts of age related stereotypes
- beliefs about characteristics, attributes, and behaviors of members of certain groups
- older adults have more positive stereotypes of aging
ch 8: how stereotypes guide our behaviors
- often overlearned, activation of automatic and unconscious stereotypes (implicit)
- can be positive or negative
- guide the way we treat elderly and the aging process
ch 8: age related double standard
person attributes older person’s failure in memory as more serious cognitive decline, while younger adults is attributed to lack of attention
ch 8: stereotype threat
evoked fear of being judged in accordance with a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong (ex. females primed with stuff about math, do worse); vulnerable to environmental cues
ch 8: negative aging stereotypes impacts functioning in older adults
memory, balance, cardiovascular response (priming effect)
ch 8: generational social beliefs/social knowledge
- knowledge from previous experience, schemas throughout life
- defined by how we represent and interpret the behavior of others in a social situation
- maintain social scripts
ch 8: factors that influence social knowledge
cohort effect, life stage and circumstances, life stage development, age differences, content, strength, likelihood of automatic activation
ch 8: impression formation in older adults
- the way we form and revise impressions about others
- declines in cognitive processing resources impact the social judgement process
- we make initial snap decisions that change later after reflective thinking
ch 8: differences between older and younger adults (impression formation)
-older adults have more rigid initial impressions, search for more emotional info, use ALL info available to them
ch 8; understand the negativity bias
when people allow their initial negative impressions to stand despite subsequent positive information
-adults more prone to negative because its more striking; seek out emotional info
ch 8: know diff types of attributions; causal
explanations people construct to explain behavior; why behavior occurs
ch 8: know diff types of attributions; dispositional
behavioral explanations that reside within the person
ch 8: know diff types of attributions; situational
behavioral explanations that reside outside the person
ch 8: cognitive style
how we approach solving problems (visual, active experimentation, kinestetic, concrete experience, auditory, reflective observation
ch 8: how and why personal goals change
- socioemotional selectivity theory–where we invest resources
- selective optimization with compensation–re-evaluating interests, shifting priorities
ch 8: personal control
degree to which a person believes that their performance in a situations depend on something they do
ch 8: Brandstader
preservation and stabilization of positive view of the self and personal development later in life includes 3 independent process
ch 8: assimilative activities
prevent losses important to self-esteem; memory aids, lists, calendars
ch 8: accommodations
readjusting goals and aspirations to lessen effects of negative self-evaluations; run half mile instead of one
ch 8: immunizing mechanisms
alter the effects of self-discrepant info
ch 8: cognitive collaboration
two or more work together to solve cognitive tasks; collaboration helps facilitate memory
ch 9: 5 dimensions of personality costa and mccrae
openness, concientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neurotisicm
ch 9: openness
fantasy, aesthetics, action, ideas, values
ch 9: conscientious
hardworking, ambitious, energetic, scrupulous, persevering, eager
ch 9: extraversiou
warmth, gregariousness, assertive,a ctivity, excitement seeking, positive
ch 9: agreeableness
kind, sympathetic, cooperative, warm, considerat
ch 9: neuroticism
anxiety, hostility, self-conscious, depression
ch 9: 3 levels of eprsonality structure and function
dispositional, personal concerns, life narrative
ch 9: dispositional traits
stable, remain throughout lifespan (shy, talkative, mean)
ch 9: personal concerns
things important to people/goals/concerns, motivational/developmental depending on life stage (starting family, get job, retire)
ch 9: life narrative
aspects of personality that pull everything together, integrative aspects that give person identity
ch 9: jung’s theory
balance, integrating dimensions of self
ch 9: eriksons theory
interaction between inner plan and external societal demands; 8 stages
ch 9: erikson’s 8 stages
- trust vs mistrust
- autonomy vs shame/doubt
- initiative vs guilt
- industry vs inferiority
- identity vs identity confusion
- intimacy vs isolation
- generativity vs stagnation
- ego vs despair
ch 9: generativity
concern to establish and guide the next generation; pride/embarrassment, responsibility/ambivalence, productivity/inadequacy, parenthood/self-absorption; set of impulses (biological, technical, cultural, agentic, communal)
ch 9: presence and utility of midlife transitions
midlife correction: take good look at selves in middle life to achieve better understanding of self, reevaluation ones roles and dreams and making necessary corrections
ch 9: purpose of life story
internalized narrative with beginning, middle, end; sense of unity/purpose in lives, better understand identity
ch 9: identity formation
sense of past, present and future; identity values social constructs (friends, family, religion)
ch 10: basic assessments used to diagnose
mental status exam (mental competence), interview, self-report, report from others, psychophysiological assessment, direct observation, performance based assessment
ch 10: basic symptoms of dpression
dysphoria, insomnia, changes in appetite, diffused pain, trouble breathing, headaches, fatigue, sensory loss; 2 weeks with other causes ruled out
ch 10: basic symptoms of Alzheimer’s
progressive, degenerative, fatal; rapid cell death, neurofibrillary tangles/plaques; changes in cognitive function, declines in personal care, inappropriate social behavior, disorientation, diff communication
ch 10: basic symptoms of Parkinson’s
wandering, incontinence, slow walking, hand tremors
ch 10: basic symptoms of anxiety
dry mouth, sweating, dizziness, upset stomach, diarrhea, insomnia, chest pain, hyperventilation; physical changes that interfere with functioning, underlying health problems
ch 10: basic symptoms of delirium
disturbance of consciousness that develops rapidly; attention, memory, orientation, language; due to medical conditions, medication side effect, intoxication/withdrawal, exposure to toxins
ch 10: basic symptoms of bipolar
mania and depression
ch 10: different aspects of treatment
therapy or medications
ch 10: therapy
different ages present different problems (for older adults, focus on: recovery, promotion successful aging, neuroplasticity, prevention, intervention); psyhotherapy, behavior, cognitive, relaxation training
ch 10: medications
SSRI, SNR, DNRI, ECT, memory improvement drugs, increase dopamine, benzodiazepine, beta blockers
ch 10: sundowning
symptoms are worse in the evening
ch 11: benefits of friendship
affective, communal nature, sociability and compatibility, foster independence, physical, emotional, immune system, QOL, socioemotional selectivity (goals of social contact-info seeking, self-concept, emotional regulation)
ch 11: types of abuse
emotional, physical, financial neglect, sexual, abandonment
ch 11: factors that lead to maritial satisfaction/divorce
age, education level, financial security and pregnancy, exchange theory, homogamy
ch 11: satisfaction changes in marriag
U-shaped graph
ch 11: sandwich generation
middle aged parent, taking care of their parents and children
ch 11: changes in role of grandparent
pass on skills, traditions; take care of grandkids sometimes
ch 11: empty nest syndrome
depression that comes when kids move out
ch 12: career construction theory
build career through actions from personal characteristics and social context
ch 12: holland’s personality type theory
RAISEC (realistic, artistic, investigative, social, enterprising, conventional)
ch 12: realistic
public health vet/dentist
ch 12: artistic
public health communications specialist
ch 12: investigative
epidemiologist, environmental health specialist, health services researcher
ch 12: social
health educator, health promotion specialist
ch 12: enterprising
public healthy policy maker/planner
ch 12: conventional
biostatistician, data administrator
ch 12: reality shock
realizing that what you learn in the classroom does not always transfer directly into the real world
ch 12: alienation
feeling that what one is doing is meaningless, can’t see connection between what we do and the final product
ch 12: burnout
depletion of energy and motivation
ch 12: roles that mentor plays for mentee
learn skills, get advice
ch 12: benefits that mentor gets
generativity, leadership
ch 12: obsessive passion
compulsion to engage in passionate activity that makes it hard to want to engage in other activities
ch 12: harmonious passion
freely choose to engage in activity, don’t feel compelled
ch 12: career plateauing
can’t advance anymore
ch 12: glass celining
the level to which women may rise in a company, but not go beyond
ch 12: pay differential
females income is 81% of males
ch 12: impact of leisure on stress
improving health, increase optimism, participate in enjoyable activities, personal transformation
ch 12: what leads someone to retirement
health change, lost job, forced out, wanted to; need something to do, social support
ch 13: clinical death
lack of heart beat and respiration, whole brain death
ch 13: persistent vegetative state
occur when cortical functioning ceases, person doesn’t recover
ch 13: how death varies from culture to culture
traditions, etc
ch 13: bioethics
interaction between human values and technological advances
ch 13: active euthanasia
deliberately ending someone’s life through intervention
ch 13: passive euthanasia
withholding treatment to end someone’s life
ch 13: 5 stages of grief and examples
- denial
- anger
- bargaining
- depression
- acceptance
ch 13: terror management
why people engage in certain behaviors to achieve particular psychological states based on deeply rooted concerns about mortality; ensure continuation of life, fear of unknown, death anxiety
ch 13: palliative care
pain management throughout life
ch 13: hospice care
quality of life at very end
ch 13: grief
sorrow, hurt, anger, guilt, confusion, etc that arise after loss; active coping process
ch 13: bereavement
state or condition caused by loss through death, no control over
ch 13: mourning
the way we express our grief, cultural norms
ch 13: importance of end of life issues
living will, power of attorney, making decisions about what you want
ch 13: understand the steps needed to facilitated the grieving process
- acknowledge the reality of loss
- work through emotional turmoil
- adjust to the environment where the deceased is absent
- loosen ties to the deceased
- understand that grief is an active coping process
ch 14: traits describing older adults
higher education, more technologically savvy
ch 14: social security
financial support after retirement, lots of baby boomers drawing benefits now
ch 14: medicare
- eligibility–65+, disabled, kidney failure
- part A: inpatient hospital, skilled nursing, hospice
- part B: outpatient services, medical supplies
- part D: some coverage for prescription meds
ch 14: quality of life
one’s well being and life satisfaction
ch 14: strategies for successful aging
healthy lifestyle, remain cognitively active, stay positive, maintain intact social network, stay economically stable
ch 14: different levels of prevention and examples
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
ch 14: primary intervention
any intervention that prevents disease or condition from occurring (immunization, healthy diet)
ch 14: secondary intervention
program instituted early after a condition has begun and before significant impairment (cancer screening, medical tests)
ch 14: tertiary prevention
efforts to avoid development of complications or secondary chronic conditions, manage pain associated with primary chronic condition, sustain life (move bedridden patient to prevent sores, medical intervention, moving after surgery)
ch 14: quaternary prevention
efforts aimed at improving functional capacities of people with chronic conditions (cognitive interventions, rehab post surgery)
possible essay topics
grief, mental health treatment, personal goals
