chapter 1-studying adult development and aging

Question 1

2 contexts to put facts into

Answer 1

biopsychosocial framework and life-span approach

Question 2

gerontology

Answer 2

study of aging from maturity through old age; individual differences

Question 3

myths about aging lead to

Answer 3

ageism

Question 4

ageism

Answer 4

form of discrimination against older adults based on their age; stereotypes about old people

Question 5

life span perspective

Answer 5

divides human development into 2 phases

1. early phase-childhood and adolescence (characterized by rapid age related increases in size and ability)
2. later phase-young adulthood, middle and old ages (changes in size are slow but abilities continue to develop as people continue adapting to the environment)

Question 6

4 key features of the life span perspective according to Baltes

Answer 6

1. multidirectionality: people grow in one area as they decline in another
2. plasticity: many skills can be trained or improved with practice
3. historical context: develops within a set of circumstances determined by the historical time in which we are born and culture we grew up in
4. multiple causation: how people develop results from a wide variety of forces: biological, psychological, sociocultural, life cycle forces

Question 7

4 critical factors in life span development

Answer 7

1. show age related reduction in the amount and quality of biologically based resources
2. age related increase in the amount and quality of culture needed to generate continuously higher growth
3. age related decline in the efficiency with which they use cultural resources
4. lack of cultural, old age friendly support structures

Question 8

demographics of aging

Answer 8

improved health care means that less women die during childbirth and more people make it to older ages

Question 9

4 forces that affect development

Answer 9

1. biological
2. psychological
3. sociocultural
4. life cycle

Question 10

biological forces

Answer 10

all genetic and health related factors that affect development

Question 11

psychological factors

Answer 11

all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development

Question 12

sociocultural factors

Answer 12

interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethinice factors that affect development

Question 13

life cycle forces

Answer 13

reflect differences in how the same event or combination of biological, pschological, and sociocultural forces affect people at different points in their lives

Question 14

biopsychosocial framework

Answer 14

organize the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces on human development

Question 15

cohort

Answer 15

group of people born at the same point or specific time span in historical time; 3 sets

Question 16

cohort: normative age graded influences

Answer 16

experiences cause by biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces that occur to most people of a particular age; time marked events, ritualized

Question 17

cohort: normative history graded influences

Answer 17

events that more people in a specific culture experience at the same time; give generations unique identity

Question 18

cohort: normative influences

Answer 18

random or rare events that are important for a specific individual but are not experienced by most people

Question 19

culture

Answer 19

shared basic value orientations, norms, beliefs, customary habits and ways of living; how people define concepts like person, age, life course

Question 20

ethnicity

Answer 20

individual and collective sense of identity based on historical and cultural group membership and related behaviors and beliefs

Question 21

primary aging

Answer 21

normal, disease free development during adulthood

Question 22

secondary aging

Answer 22

developmental changes taht are related to disease ,lifestyle, and other environmentally induced changes that are not inevitable

Question 23

tertiary aging

Answer 23

the rapid losses that occur shortly before death (terminal drop)

Question 24

chronological age

Answer 24

how old we are since we were born, index time and organize events

Question 25

perceived age

Answer 25

how old you feel like you are

Question 26

biological age

Answer 26

functioning of vital organs

Question 27

psychological age

Answer 27

level of functioning of psychological abilities

Question 28

sociocultural age

Answer 28

specific set of roles that are adopted

Question 29

nature vs nurture

Answer 29

degree to which genetic/hereditary influence and experiential or environmental influeces determine the kind of person you are; biology vs experience

Question 30

stability change issue

Answer 30

concerns the degree to which people remain the same over time; some basic level is important, but characteristics change;

Question 31

continuity discontinuity controversy

Answer 31

whether a particular developmental phenomenon smooth progression over time (continuity) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity); continuity-amount of characteristics a person has; discontinuity-types of characteristics; plasticity

Question 32

universal vs context specific development controversy

Answer 32

one path or several; cultural differences; context and environment matter

Question 33

systematic observation

Answer 33

naturalistic; watching as they behave spontaneously in real life structured; researcher creates a setting that is likely to elicit the behavior of interest, things that are hard to naturally observe

Question 34

use tasks to sample behavior

Answer 34

create tasks to sample behavior when you can't observe it; know we're looking for something specific

Question 35

ask for self-reports

Answer 35

questions about the topic of interest, written (questionnaire), verbal (interview)

Question 36

reliable

Answer 36

measure is the extent to which it provides a consisten index of the behavior of topic of interest; consistent

Question 37

valid

Answer 37

measures what the researcher thinks it measures; accuracy

Question 38

representative sampling

Answer 38

represent whole population

Question 39

experimental design

Answer 39

manipulate key factor and randomly assigning; IV and DV

Question 40

correlation

Answer 40

relationship between variables; confounding variable interacting; does not equal causation

Question 41

case study

Answer 41

study one or few people

Question 42

age effects

Answer 42

differences underlying processes; inherent changes within person and not cause by passage of time

Question 43

cohort effects

Answer 43

differences cause by experiences and circumstances unique to the generation to which one belongs; normative history

Question 44

time of measurement effects

Answer 44

differences stemming from differences in events at teh time data obtained

Question 45

age change vs age difference

Answer 45

same person vs comparison of two people

Question 46

cross sectional design

Answer 46

developmental differene identified by testing different ages at the saem time

Question 47

longitudinal

Answer 47

same individuals observed/tested at different points; practice effects, participant dropout, applying results limited

Question 48

sequential designs

Answer 48

combinations of cross sectional or longitudinal

Question 49

cross sequential design

Answer 49

two or more cross sectional studies at two or more times of measurement

Question 50

longitudinal sequential designs

Answer 50

two or more longitudinal designs taht represent two or more cohorts

Question 51

meta analysis

Answer 51

synthesize the results of many studies to estimate relations between variables; analyze results of all studies available

Question 52

ethical

Answer 52

minimize risk, describe the research (informed consent), avoid deception; anonymous and confidential