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Adult Development and Aging > chapter 2-neuroscience as basis > Flashcards

chapter 2-neuroscience as basis Flashcards

1
Q

neuroimaging

A

set of techniques in which pictures of the brain are taken in various ways to provide understanding both normal and abnormal cognitive aging

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2
Q

structural neuroimaging

A

provides highly detailed images of anatomical features of the brain; pictures, what the brain looks like at specific moment; xray, CT, MRI

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3
Q

functional neuroimaging

A

provides indication of brain activity; information about what parts of the brain are active when doing a specific task; SPECT, PET, fMRI, NIRSI

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4
Q

neuropsychological approach

A

compares healthy adults to those with pathological disorders of the brain; compares norms; identify factros taht are influential in age related cognitive decline

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5
Q

neuro-correlational approach

A

links measures of cognitive performance to measures of brain structure or functioning; real time investigation of changes in brain functioning; fMRI; older adults brains compensat for cognitive decline

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6
Q

activation imaging approach

A

links functional brain activity with cognitive behavior data; support use of compensatory strategies; fMRI to perform task

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7
Q

brain is made up of neurons

A

dendrites, axon, terminal branches; communicate via neurotransmitters across synapse

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8
Q

neuroanatomy

A

study of the structure of the brain

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9
Q

frontal lobe

A

executive functions (think, plan, organize, problem solve), regulating emotions; schizophrenics, addicts have different frontal lobes; first place to be affected by dementia

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10
Q

temporal lobe

A

memory; understand language; dementia; alzheimers

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11
Q

parietal lobe

A

perception; sensory input; proprioception; somatosensory cortex

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12
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

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13
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects hemispheres

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14
Q

body connects __ to brain

A

contralateral

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15
Q

cerebral cortex

A

white matter; first to go as we get older

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16
Q

cerebellum

A

balance, coordination

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17
Q

limbic system

A

memory; emotions, LTM, motivation

18
Q

hippocampus

A

limbic system; memory consolidation

19
Q

amygdala

A

emotion

20
Q

age related changes in neurons

A
  1. neurons decline
  2. number and size of dendrites decrease
  3. synapses decrease
  4. tangles in axon fibers
  5. increases in deposits of proteins (plaque)
21
Q

plaque buildup causes

A

alzheimer’s; mild to moderate-2-10 years, plaque spreads toward back of brain; sever-most of the brain affects by plaque spread

22
Q

neurotransmittes

A

chemicals that facilitate the transmission of nerve impulses between neurons

23
Q

dopamine

A

high level cognitive functioning (inhibiting thoughts, attention, planning, emotion, pleasure/pain); too much indicates schizophrenia; too little parkinson’s, addiction

24
Q

serotonin

A

mood, memory, appetite, sleep, perceptions, anxiety; low levels-depression, suicidal ideation, OCD

25
Q

acetylcholine

A

arousal, sensory perception, attention, memory; alzheimers/dementia (low levels)

26
Q

age related changes in brain structure: white matter hyperintensities (WMH)

A

indicates myelin loss or neural atrophy; white matter-neurons that are covered by myelin that serve to transmit info from one part of cortex to another

27
Q

age related changes in brain structure: considerable __ of the brain

A

shrinkage; prefrontal, hippocampus, cerebellum

28
Q

age related changes in brain structure: diffusion tensor imaging

A

provides index of density or structural health of the white matter; how the white matter is functioning; asses rate and change water diffuses through white matter

29
Q

structural brain changes mean: executive functioning

A

difficulty focusing solely on relevant info

30
Q

structural brain changes mean: memory

A

specific structural changes (hippocampus) result in memory decline; temporal lobe deficits

31
Q

structural brain changes mean: social-emotional cognition

A

older adults may rely more on automatic judgement rather than reflective processes; ingrained responses; harder to process other factors

32
Q

structural brain changes mean: prefrontal

A

positivity effect-older adults are more motivated to derive emotional meaning from life and to maintain feelings

33
Q

parieto frontal integration theory (P-FIT)

A

proposes that intelligence comes from a distributed and integrated network of neurons in the pariteo frontal regions of the brain; compensate for losses (use both sides)

34
Q

older adults compensate for brain changes by

A

using more structures of the brain and using both sides

35
Q

theories of brain-behavior changes: HAROLD

A

hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults; suggests bilaterality is compensatory in older adults with reduces cognitive abilities; function of reduced lateralization is compensatory in nature

36
Q

theories of brain-behavior changes: CRUNCH

A

compensation related utilization of neural circuits hypothesis; aging brain responds to neurological decline by recruiting additional neural circuits in order to complete tasks appropriately; more of the same activation occurs or supplementary processes to compensate

37
Q

theories of brain-behavior changes: STAC

A

scaffolding theory of cognitive age; age related changes in ones ability to function reflect life long process of compensating for declining by recruiting additional areas; build up and rely on back up pathways;

38
Q

plasticity

A

interaction between the brain and the environment and is mostly used to describe the effects of experience on the structures and function of the neural system

39
Q

neural stem cells

A

give rise to new neurons; expand plasticity

40
Q

4 facts about plasticity

A
  1. varies by age
  2. ongoing throughout life and involves brain cells other than neurons
  3. learning/experience/memory formation or result of brain damage
  4. environment and genetics
41
Q

improve plasticity

A

use whole brain; mental activity; socialization; nutrition; exercise; meditation;

Adult Development and Aging (7 decks)

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