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Adult Development and Aging > chapter 3-physical changes > Flashcards

chapter 3-physical changes Flashcards

1
Q

biological theories of aging: rate of living

A

limited amount of energy; excess calories lead to reduced lifespan; hormonal regulatory system adaptation to stress-cortisol increases (high levels-weight gain, trouble sleeping, greater rates of depression, decreased libido)

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2
Q

biological theories of aging: free radicals

A

highly reactive chemical produced randomly in normal metabolism; robbing helthy cells to satisfy themselves; antioxidants to protect us; also from environment (radiation, smoking, pollution, UV light)

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3
Q

biological theories of aging: programmed cell death theory

A

cells programmed to self-destruct; osteoarthritis, changes in brain cells, alzheimers, memory loss, personality changes

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4
Q

biological theories of aging: hayflick limit

A

limited number of times a cell can divide; telomers shorten and eventually cell division stops

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5
Q

biological theories of aging: cross linking

A

Certain proteins in human cells interact randomly and produce molecules that are linked in such a way as to make the body stiffer; reduce sugars to slow process down

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6
Q

3 approaches to slow or reverse aging process

A
  1. delay chronic illnesses of old age
  2. slow fundamental process of aging to increase life span
  3. arrest or reverse aging by removing damage caused by metabolic process
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7
Q

changes in skin: why does skin wrinkle

A
  1. outer layer becomes thinner, more fragile
  2. collagen fibers lose flexibility
  3. elastin fibers lose ability to keep skin stretched
  4. underlying layer of fat diminishes
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8
Q

changes in skin: counteract effects of sun

A

sunscreen, creams for face, smoking

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9
Q

changes in skin: other skin changes

A

pigment containing cells decrease, age spots/moles, varicose veins

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10
Q

changes in hair: caused by

A

destruction of germ centers that protect hair follicles

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11
Q

changes in hair: women gain

A

facial hair

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12
Q

changes in voice

A

lowering in pitch, increased breathlessness and trembling, slower and less pronounces, decreased volume, weaker

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13
Q

changes in body build

A

decreases in height and fluctuations of weight (men lose 1 in, women lose 2 in)

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14
Q

changes in mobility: muscle

A

first start to lose muscle mass at 70; 20% of strength at 70, 40% at 80, no difference in rate in men an dwomen, muscle endurance diminished

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15
Q

changes in mobility:bones

A

loss begins in late 30s, accelerates in 50s, slows in 70s; women more susceptible; osteoporosis (loss of bone mass)

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16
Q

changes in mobility: bones-osteoporosis prevention

A
  1. weight bearing exercises
  2. strength training
  3. calcium/vitamin D
  4. reduce alcohol, smoking
  5. use of bisphosphonates
  6. supplements-zinc, magnesium, flouride, estrogen
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17
Q

changes in mobility:joints-normal

A

normal joints have fluid and cartilage to protect bones from rubbing

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18
Q

changes in mobility:joints-osteoarthritis

A

bone to bone, nothing in between

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19
Q

changes in mobility:joints-rheumatoid arthritis

A

lots of swelling; hot to the touch, painful, sensitive

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20
Q

pain management techniques

A

medicine, exercise, compresses, use of devices, surgery, complementary and alternative medicines (CAM)-yoga/meditation, acupuncture, biofeedback, CBT

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21
Q

cycle of pain

A
  1. chronic pain
  2. decreased activity/deconditioning
  3. negative emotions
  4. avoidance/withdrawal
  5. distress/disability
22
Q

costs of inactivity

A

more pain, poor physical fitness, less time socializing, depressed mood, increased irritability, lower self esteem, increased strain on relationships, decreased quality of life

23
Q

vision changes: structural changes in the ey

A

decrease the amount of light that comes in; lens becomes yellow and distorts vision

24
Q

vision changes: adaptation

A

light and dark

25
Q

vision changes: color discrimination

A

lens becomes more yellow, hard to tell color apart

26
Q

vision changes: presbyopia

A

impaired ability to adjust and focus–glasses

27
Q

vision changes: cataracts

A

spots on the lens, limit amount of light coming in–surgery

28
Q

vision changes: glaucoma

A

fluid in the eye increases pressure and loss of vision

29
Q

vision changes: retinal changes

A

macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy

30
Q

hearing

A

damage due to loud environments; hearing aids, behavioral strategies

31
Q

presbycusis

A

inability to hear higher pitches due to damage to receptor cells and auditory nerves; cumulative effects of noise and normative age related changes crease the most common hearing problem; sensorineural or conductive

32
Q

loss of touch

A

parts of the body that are farther away from the heart are more numb

33
Q

kinesthesis

A

perception of body movements

34
Q

balance

A

changes in the white matter; vestibular system (fear falling, dizzy, lightheaded, vertigo)

35
Q

taste and smell

A

don’t lose taste buds, inability to taste

36
Q

first flavors to go

A

salty and sweet

37
Q

smells and other memory cues are indicators of

A

alzheimer’s

38
Q

accumulation of fat deposits and stiffening of heart muscles is what system

A

cardiovascular

39
Q

gender differences in cardiovascular disease

A

diets, strain on heart, stress

40
Q

congestive heart failutre

A

cardiac output and ability of the heart to contract severely decline, work of veins increase and body swells; heart pumps too hard

41
Q

angina pectois

A

oxygen supply to the heart becomes insufficient; tightness in chest

42
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

heart attack

43
Q

atherosclerosis

A

fat build up and calcification around the heart

44
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

stroke (FAST-face, arm, speech, time)

45
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure; 120/80

46
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

emphysema-destruction of membranes around the air sacs in lungs; chronic bronchitis-exposure to environmental toxins (45+)

47
Q

female reproductive changes

A

genital organs change in the 40s, menopause, hormone replacement therapy

48
Q

male reproductive system

A

decline in testosterone level, decrease in sperm production, importence, ED

49
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

50
Q

sympathetic

A

heart and blood pressure increase; respiration accelerates, blood sugar released from liver; adrenalin/noradrenaline released from adrenal; fight or flight

51
Q

parasympathetic

A

heartbeat slows; blood pressure reduces; respiration levels; body expereinces visceral responses; rest and digest

Adult Development and Aging (7 decks)

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