chapter 3-physical changes Flashcards
biological theories of aging: rate of living
limited amount of energy; excess calories lead to reduced lifespan; hormonal regulatory system adaptation to stress-cortisol increases (high levels-weight gain, trouble sleeping, greater rates of depression, decreased libido)
biological theories of aging: free radicals
highly reactive chemical produced randomly in normal metabolism; robbing helthy cells to satisfy themselves; antioxidants to protect us; also from environment (radiation, smoking, pollution, UV light)
biological theories of aging: programmed cell death theory
cells programmed to self-destruct; osteoarthritis, changes in brain cells, alzheimers, memory loss, personality changes
biological theories of aging: hayflick limit
limited number of times a cell can divide; telomers shorten and eventually cell division stops
biological theories of aging: cross linking
Certain proteins in human cells interact randomly and produce molecules that are linked in such a way as to make the body stiffer; reduce sugars to slow process down
3 approaches to slow or reverse aging process
- delay chronic illnesses of old age
- slow fundamental process of aging to increase life span
- arrest or reverse aging by removing damage caused by metabolic process
changes in skin: why does skin wrinkle
- outer layer becomes thinner, more fragile
- collagen fibers lose flexibility
- elastin fibers lose ability to keep skin stretched
- underlying layer of fat diminishes
changes in skin: counteract effects of sun
sunscreen, creams for face, smoking
changes in skin: other skin changes
pigment containing cells decrease, age spots/moles, varicose veins
changes in hair: caused by
destruction of germ centers that protect hair follicles
changes in hair: women gain
facial hair
changes in voice
lowering in pitch, increased breathlessness and trembling, slower and less pronounces, decreased volume, weaker
changes in body build
decreases in height and fluctuations of weight (men lose 1 in, women lose 2 in)
changes in mobility: muscle
first start to lose muscle mass at 70; 20% of strength at 70, 40% at 80, no difference in rate in men an dwomen, muscle endurance diminished
changes in mobility:bones
loss begins in late 30s, accelerates in 50s, slows in 70s; women more susceptible; osteoporosis (loss of bone mass)
changes in mobility: bones-osteoporosis prevention
- weight bearing exercises
- strength training
- calcium/vitamin D
- reduce alcohol, smoking
- use of bisphosphonates
- supplements-zinc, magnesium, flouride, estrogen
changes in mobility:joints-normal
normal joints have fluid and cartilage to protect bones from rubbing
changes in mobility:joints-osteoarthritis
bone to bone, nothing in between
changes in mobility:joints-rheumatoid arthritis
lots of swelling; hot to the touch, painful, sensitive
pain management techniques
medicine, exercise, compresses, use of devices, surgery, complementary and alternative medicines (CAM)-yoga/meditation, acupuncture, biofeedback, CBT
cycle of pain
- chronic pain
- decreased activity/deconditioning
- negative emotions
- avoidance/withdrawal
- distress/disability
costs of inactivity
more pain, poor physical fitness, less time socializing, depressed mood, increased irritability, lower self esteem, increased strain on relationships, decreased quality of life
vision changes: structural changes in the ey
decrease the amount of light that comes in; lens becomes yellow and distorts vision
vision changes: adaptation
light and dark
vision changes: color discrimination
lens becomes more yellow, hard to tell color apart
vision changes: presbyopia
impaired ability to adjust and focus–glasses
vision changes: cataracts
spots on the lens, limit amount of light coming in–surgery
vision changes: glaucoma
fluid in the eye increases pressure and loss of vision
vision changes: retinal changes
macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy
hearing
damage due to loud environments; hearing aids, behavioral strategies
presbycusis
inability to hear higher pitches due to damage to receptor cells and auditory nerves; cumulative effects of noise and normative age related changes crease the most common hearing problem; sensorineural or conductive
loss of touch
parts of the body that are farther away from the heart are more numb
kinesthesis
perception of body movements
balance
changes in the white matter; vestibular system (fear falling, dizzy, lightheaded, vertigo)
taste and smell
don’t lose taste buds, inability to taste
first flavors to go
salty and sweet
smells and other memory cues are indicators of
alzheimer’s
accumulation of fat deposits and stiffening of heart muscles is what system
cardiovascular
gender differences in cardiovascular disease
diets, strain on heart, stress
congestive heart failutre
cardiac output and ability of the heart to contract severely decline, work of veins increase and body swells; heart pumps too hard
angina pectois
oxygen supply to the heart becomes insufficient; tightness in chest
myocardial infarction (MI)
heart attack
atherosclerosis
fat build up and calcification around the heart
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
stroke (FAST-face, arm, speech, time)
hypertension
high blood pressure; 120/80
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
emphysema-destruction of membranes around the air sacs in lungs; chronic bronchitis-exposure to environmental toxins (45+)
female reproductive changes
genital organs change in the 40s, menopause, hormone replacement therapy
male reproductive system
decline in testosterone level, decrease in sperm production, importence, ED
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
sympathetic
heart and blood pressure increase; respiration accelerates, blood sugar released from liver; adrenalin/noradrenaline released from adrenal; fight or flight
parasympathetic
heartbeat slows; blood pressure reduces; respiration levels; body expereinces visceral responses; rest and digest
