Midterm Projections Flashcards
Elastic Cartilage
Characteristics: Avascular, elastic fivers stain dark and are visible; contains type II collagen
Function: Elasticity of cartilage
Location: Auditory canal, external ear, epiglottis
- *Transitional Epithelium Relaxed** (bladder)
- *Characteristics:** Relaxed transitional epithelium, organ is empty
- *Function:** Allows for fluctuation of liquid volume
- *Location:** Urinary bladder
- *Stratified Squamous Epithelium** (vagina)
- *Function:** Keratinized for protection in skin; non-keratinized for protection in esophagus
- *Location:** Skin and inner surface of body cavities
Large Lymphocyte
Characteristics: More abundant and basophilic cytoplasm than small lymphocytes; also cytotoxic or natual killer cells; may function in absence of antibodies
Functions: Destroy tissue grafts, tumor cells, and cell infected with viruses through production of perforins
- *Anaphase**
- *Characteristics:** Separation of chromatids at the centromere; movement of daughter chromosomes toward opposite poles
- *Location:** Eukaryotic cell
Neutrophil (man)
Characteristics: 60-70% circulating leukocytes, divided in two to five segments or lobes; light staining
Functions: Phagocytosis of foreign cells, toxins, and viruses; involved in bacterial infections
Islet of Langerhans, ts (mammal)
- *Characteristics:** Pale-staining and make-up endocrine portion of pancreas
- *Function:** Alpha cells secrete glucagon, beta cells secrete insulin, delta cells secrete somatostatin, which inhibits secretion by alpha and beta cells
Endochondral Ossification
Characteristics: Hypertrophy of chondrocytes and invasion by periosteal bud
Function: Forming of marrow; bone growth
Location: Short and long bones
Dense Irregular CT
Characteristics: Think, intertwined bundles of collagen fibers arranged haphazardly with fibroblasts and microphages present
Function: Cushioning; Provides attachment for ligaments
Location: Dermis, capsules of organs, periosteum, perichondrium
Name & Characteristics
Cardiac Muscle (ls)
Characteristics: Involuntary, striated, intercalated discs, single nucleus, muscle fibers anastomose
- *Metaphase**
- *Characteristics:** Formation of mitotic spindle and alignment of chromosomes along the equatorial plate
- *Location:** Eukaryotic cell
- *Simple Squamous Epithelium**
- *Characteristics:** Single layer of flat cells in the renal corpuscle; glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule separated by capsular space
- *Function:** Filtration of blood through filtration barriers; water, ions, and molecules with molecular weight less than 40,000 pass through, but formed elements retained
- *Location:** Endothelium of the cardiovascular system, mesothelium, loop of Henle, rete testes, pulmonary alveoli
Blood film (man)
Characteristics: Contains formed elements–erythrocytes (RBC-red blood cell), platelets, leukocytes (WBC-white blood cell); also plasma
Function: Transport of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), ions, proteins, and lipids among other things
Dense Regular CT
Characteristics: Collagen bundles arranced in bundles with a regular, precise arrangement; fibers oriented in direction of pull
Function: Joins bone together; muscles as well
Location: Collagenous dense regular CT is found in tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis, and cornea; elastic is found in ligamentum nuchae and ligamentum flava
- *Simple Columnar Epithelium** (gall bladder)
- *Function:** Absorption and secretion
- *Location:** Surface epithelium of stomach, small and large intestine, gallbladder, uterus, oviduct, small bronchi or lungs, paranasal sinuses
Skin, sweat gland, vs (man)
- *Characteristics:** Two type - Eccrine and Apocrine in nature
- *Function:** Regulate body temperature and protective function
- *Location:** Eccrine - throughout the surface of the skin; Apocrine - axilla and anogenital region
Fibrocartilage
Characteristics: Avascular; chondrocytes arranged in rows; no periochondrium
Function: Joins certain, adjacent bones together; provides cushioning for vertebrae
Location: Symphyses, Eustacian tube, intervertebral disks, tendon insertions
Skin sebaceous glands, vs (baboon)
- *Characteristics:** Holocrine, meaning the entire cell breaks down and cellular debris, along with the secretory product, is released as sebum
- *Function:** Secrete sebum outside of cell
- *Location:** Scalp and face and around the anus, mouth, and nose; absent in palms of the hands and soles of the feet
- *Glandular Epithelium, Saccular**
- *Characteristics:** Simple alveolar glands
- *Location:** Paraurethral glands in the penile urethra, also sebaceous glands
Osteoclasts
Characteristics: Multinuclear
Function: Bone resorption and remodeling of bone
Location: Along the trabecula in Howship’s lacunae
Compact bone
Characteristics: Vascular CT; Haversion system (osteon) visible; Volkmann’s canals present
Function: Support for body
Location: Long bones
- *Glandular Epithelium, Simple Tubular** (human ileum)
- *Function:** Secretion of enzymes, including sucrose and maltase, along with endopeptidases and exopeptidases
- *Location:** Crypts of Lieberkuhn of the small intestine and colon
Elastic Tissue
Characteristics: Concentric sheels of elastic fibers (elastic laminae) with wave-like appearance
Function: Elasticity and recoiling action of aorta and large arteries
Location: Aorta and large arteries
Areolar Connective Tissue
Characteristics: Loosely arranged with numerous collagen fibers, few elastic fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, and other cellular components
Function: Forms fascia that binds organs and organ components together
Location: Most organs and tissues; expandale tubular structures such as ducts and glands
- *Goblet Cells** (mammal)
- *Characteristics:** Unicellular exocrine gland
- *Function:** Mucus secretions; cells needed to lubricate small intestine; neutralize bile salts from gallbladder and stomach
- *Location:** Small intestine
Endochondral Ossification, Magnified
Characteristics: Cartilage serves as mold for ossification; chondrocytes hypertrophy, and osteoblasts secrete matrix while osteoclasts degrade matrix
Function: Forming of marrow, bone growth
Location: Short and long bones
- *Telophase**
- *Characteristics:** Reformation of the nuclear envelope from discontinuous portions of ER; karyokinesis
- *Location:** Eukaryotic cell
Name & Characteristics
Dorsal Root Ganglion
- Neuronal cell bodies are located in the more darkly stained regions, with their axons projecting out into the lighter areas of the tissue
- These axons are myelinated and Nodes of Ranvier can be seen
Name & Characteristics
Skeletal Muscle (ls)
Characteristics: Voluntary, striated, multi-nucleated; muscles are surrounded by epimysium, fascicles by perimysium, and muscle fibers by endomysium; A and I bands visible
Basophil (man)
Characteristics: 0.5-1% of circulating leukocytes (least numerous of all leukocytes). Nuclei stain dark purple, numerous dark granules may sometimes mask the nucleus.
Function: A role in allergic responses. Granules contain histamines (vasodialators) and heparin (anticoagulant).
Name & Characteristics
Neuromuscular Junction (motor end plate)
Characteristics: Large motor units control movement of large skeletal muscles and smaller motor units control movements of muscle of they eye; terminal bulbs do not actually make physical contact with muscle fibers
Hyaline Cartilage
Characteristics: Avascular, glass-like appearance; mostly ground substance and other non-cellular components, such as type II collagen fibers
Function: Support of structures, reduction of friction between surfaces, limited flexibility
Location: C-rings of trachea, articular surfaces, nasal cartilage
- *Transitional Epithelium Stretched** (bladder)
- *Characteristics:** Epithelium is stretched when stretched, organ is full
- *Function:** Allows for fluctuation of liquid volume
- *Location:** Urinary bladder, ureter, and uppermost part of urethra
Mammary gland, active, ts (mammal)
- *Characteristics:** Apocrine in nature, involves cytoplasmic loss with product
- *Function:** Milk production or lactation
Pancreas, ts (monkey)
- *Characteristics:** Second largest gland associated with the gastrointestinal tract
- *Function:** Secretion of digestive enzymes into the small intestine and blood glucose regulation
- *Location:** Retroperitoneal organ
Name & Characteristics
Neuron Cell Body
- The large euchromatic nucleus has a very prominent central nucleolus
- The beginnings of three dendrites and the one axon can be seen emanating from this cell body
Monocyte
Characteristics: 3-8% of circulating leukocytes. Kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped nucleus.
Functions: Migrate into tissues, where they become macrophages and serve in phagocytosis of foreign particles such as viruses and bacteria.
Name & Characteristics
Cerebellum
The gray matter is located outside (the cerebellum), with the white matter lying in the middle of many infoldings
Eosinophil (man)
Characteristics: Constitutes 2-4% of circulating leukocytes. Bilobed nucleus, reddish-orange granules.
Function: Effective against parasitic-worm infections; involved in allergic reactions.
Adipose Tissue
Characteristics: Adipocytes with compressed, laterally displaced nucleus; blood capillaries visible; white adipose is unilocular and brown adipose is multiocular
Function: Storage and metabolism of fat; cushioing of vital organs; insulation
Location: White adipose: subcutaneous tissues, omenta, mensenteries, pararenal tissue, and bone marrow; Brown adipose: newborns and interscapular and inguinal regions
Cancellous (spongy) bone
Characteristics: Low-density; porous with numerous trabeculae
Function: Site for hemopoeisis
Location: Epiphyses of long bones, pelvis
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium (rat kidney)
- *Function:** Absorption and secretion
- *Location:** Thyroid, choroid plexus, ducts of many glands, inner surfaces of the capsule of the lens, covering of the ovary
- *Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium** (oviduct=fallopian tube)
- *Function:** Dust trapping
- *Location:** Nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oviduct
Name & Characteristics
Peripheral Nerve
- The perineurium is nicely stained
- The cross-sectional apearance of myelinated axons is obvious
- The perineurium surrounds the nerve bundle, but does not penetrate it. This is a key criterion for distinguishing peripheral nerve bundles from smooth muscle bundles
- *Prophase**
- *Characteristics:** Chromosomes become visible and appear as threadlike structures; disappearance of nuclear envelope towards the end of prophase
- *Location:** Eukaryotic cell
Name & Characteristics
Smooth Muscle (ls)
Characteristics: Involuntary, non-striated, single nucleus; may possess gap junctions
Name & Characteristics
Spinal Cord
- Shows the white and gray matter
- Motor neuron cell bodies are visible in the ventral horns of the gray matter as large dark specks
Neutrophil w/ drumstick
Characteristics: Small lobe protrudes from the nucleus, known as “drumstick.” It represents the inactive sex chromosome of the cell (Barr body)
Location: Found solely in females
Small lymphocyte (man)
Characteristics: large dark purple-staining nucleus with thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm; accounts for 25-35% of circulating leukocytes
Functions: B-cells involved in humoral immunity and produce antibodies; T-cells involved in cell-mediated immunity to destroy foreign cells.
