Final Flashcards
The oral cavity is divided into two smaller cavities. Name them.
-Vestibule -Oral cavity proper
The permanent dentition is composed of __________.
20 succedaneous teeth & 12 accessional teeth
The circulatory system is composed of two separate components. Describe them.
-Cardiovascular system: transports blood -Lymphatic vascular system: collects and returns lymph to the blood vascular system
Somatotrope adenoma, which produces an excess of growth hormones can result in _______ in children and acromegaly in adults.
Gigantism
Know the hormonal products of the corpus luteum.
-Progesterone -Estrogen -Relaxin
________ is a rapid growing of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and has its origins in B cells.
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
Describe the productions of the chief, parietal, and mucous neck cells.
-Chief cells: Pepsin, rennin, lipase precursors -Parietal cells: Hydrochloric acid, gastric intrinsic factor -Mucous neck cells: Soluble mucus
What is the role of calcitonin?
Lowers calcium levels by suppressing osteoclastic activity
The suprarenal glands are derived from two different embryonic origins:
-Mesodermal epithelium -Neuroectoderm
The _______ participates in the formation of the heart valves, which controls the direction of blood flow through the heart.
Endocardium
Where does most of the digestion occur?
Small intestine
What hormone is responsible for maintaining calcium ion balance?
Parathyroid hormone
The three pairs of the major salivary glands are _______, ______, and _______.
-Parotid -Sublingual -Submandibular
_________ are lacerations of the lower esophagus of the cardiac/fundic region of the stomach as a result of powerful vomiting or sometimes strenuous hiccupping.
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
The _______ is completely permeable to water and somewhat permeable to salts.
Descending thin limb of Henle’s Loop
The heart is composed of 3 layers. Describe these layers.
-Epicardium: outermost layer -Myocardium: composes most of the wall of the heart -Endocardium: forms the lining of the atria and ventricles
The modified cells in the inner visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule are called ________.
Podocytes
Know the development of the ovarian follicles from Graafian to corpus albicans.
-Primordial follicle -Growing follicles -Unilaminar primary -Multilaminar primary -Secondary -Graafian (mature)
The _______ is impermeable to water by possesses a Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transporter on the surface of its cells.
Pars recta
Name the structure which delivers impulses to the cardiac muscle cells of the ventricles to contract and pump the blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk and from the left ventricle into the aorta.
Purkinje fibers
Name the congenital disorder where the thymus fails to develop and the patient is unable to produce T lymphocytes.
DiGeorge’s Syndrome
_________ occurs because of damage to the cells of the hypothalamus that manufactures ADH.
Diabetes Inspidus
_______ is an autoimmune disease and is characterized by decreased production of adrenocortical hormones due to the destruction of the suprarenal cortex.
Addison’s Disease
Describe how the three hormones act from their sites of secretion: -Autocrine -Paracrine -Endocrine
-Autocrine: act on the cell which releases them -Paracrine: act in the immediate vicinity of their secretion -Endocrine: target cells are at a distance from their site of origin
Be able to describe the three categories of the veins and their functions.
-Venules: responsible for the exchange of materials -Medium veins: receive blood from most of the body -Large veins: more than 1 cm in diameter
Know what would be an individual’s disease state if their urine color are brown and black and if the odor are musty and sweet.
Brown: breakdown by- products of damaged muscle or breakdown by-products of hemoglobin are in the urine Black: presence of melanin pigment in the urine Musty: phenylketonuria. Sweet: due to diabetes that is not being controlled
The pituitary gland is subdivided into two parts. Name them.
-Adenohypophysis -Neurohypophysis
What is the type of enzyme that is present in the saliva and in the pancreatic secretions and hydrolyzes carbohydrates to disaccharide?
Amylases
_________ are areas of the stomach, but mostly of the duodenum, that are denuded of the epithelial lining due to the action of the acid chyme.
Peptic ulcers
The mucosa of the esophagus is composed of what type of epithelium?
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
The atria receives blood from 3 places and discharges it into the ventricles. Name the 3 places.
-Pulmonary veins -Venae cavae -Coronary sinus
Cementum is composed of _________.
-45% to 50% inorganic matrix composed of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals -50% to 55% type I collagen fibers, glycosaminoglycans, and proteoglycans
What process of respiration requires energy and what is it dependent on?
-Inspiration -Contraction of the diaphragm & elevation of ribs
Describe functions of the macula densa cells, juxtaglomerular cells, and vasa recta.
-Macula densa cells: monitor the osmolarity and volume of the ultrafiltrate -Juxtaglomerular cells: release renin into the bloodstream -Vasa recta: assists in the maintenance of the osmotic concentration gradient of the renal medulla
What are the three categories of T cells?
-Naive T cells -Memory T cells -Effector T cells
Know at least one function of the following: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
-Oral cavity: Receives food and, via mastication and bolus formation, delivers it into the oral pharynx -Esophagus: Bolus of food traverses its length for delivery from the pharynx into the stomach -Stomach: Functions in acidifying and converting the semisolid bolus into the viscous fluid, chyme -Small intestine: Most digestion and absorption occur -Large intestine: Digestion is completed and water is resorbed
Be able to describe the two components of the immune system.
-Innate: nonspecific in that it is not designed to combat a particular antigen -Adaptive: specific and can differentiate between self and nonself
The functional unit of the kidney is the ________ and consists of the _______ and ________.
-Uriniferous tubule -Nephron & collecting tubule
What is the disease that is a subcategory of inflammatory bowel disease and usually involves the small intestine?
Crohn’s Disease
Be able to describe the three types of capillaries.
-Continuous: lack fenestrae -Fenestrated: penetrated by relatively large diaphragm-covered pores -Sinusoidal: much larger than their fenestrated or continuous counterparts
What the the functions of the atrioventricular valves, semilunar valves, and the sinoatrial nodes?
-Atrioventricular valves: prevent regurgitation of blood into atria -Semilunar valves: prevent regurgitation of blood into ventricles -Sinoatrial nodes: generates impulse that results in contraction
The enamel is composed of __________.
-96% inorganic matrix composed of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals -4% organic matrix consisting mostly of the protein enamelin
The mucosa of the conducting portion is composed of:
-Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells and an -Connective tissue sheath with seromucous glands
What are the 4 types of lingual papillae?
-Filiform -Fungiform -Foliate -Circumvallate
Loop of Henle is composed of what type of epithelium?
Simple squamous
Kidney stones are usually formed due to ________.
Hyperparathyroidism
What are the three structures that participate in the formation of the tonsillar ring?
-Palatine tonsils -Lingual tonsils -Pharyngeal tonsils
The tongue is a mucosa-invested moveable muscular structure and has two regions. Name them.
-Root -Body
Children who have rheumatic fever may develop valve defects. These valve defects may be related to ________ & ________.
-Incompetency -Stenosis
Give and example for each of the following hormones: -Nonsteroid-based hormones -Amino-acid derived hormones -Steroid-based hormones
-Nonsteroid-based hormones: Oxytocin -Amino-acid derived hormones: Insulin -Steroid-based hormones: Estrogen
The _______ takes oxygen-poor blood to the lungs to become oxygenated and return it to the left side of the heart.
Pulmonary circuit
What is the function of the thymus?
Formation, potentiation, and destruction of T lymphocytes
What are the two pharmacological agents that have the ability to alter capillary permeability?
-Bradykinin -Histamine
The root anchors the tongue into the ________.
Hyoid bone
Tubular necrosis may result in _______.
Acute renal failure
A posterior V-shaped groove is called ________.
Sulcus terminalis
What is the principal cell of the lymphoid tissue and is responsible for the proper functioning of the immune system?
Lymphocyte
What are the 4 basic layers of the GI system?
-Mucosa -Submucosa -Muscularis externa -Adventitia/serosa
Describe one function of the following: -Thyroid gland -Parathyroid gland -Adrenal gland (cortex and medulla) -Pineal gland
-Thyroid gland: produces Calcitonin -Parathyroid gland: produces PTH -Adrenal gland cortex: produces mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgrens -Adrenal gland medulla: produces epinephrine and norepinephrine -Pineal gland: produces melatonin
_______ is a region of the conducting portion and is designed for phonation and to prevent food, liquids, and other foreign objects from gaining access to its lumen.
Larynx
The cells associated with the dentin are known as __________.
Odontoblasts
Be able to outline the process of spermatogenesis and know were it occurs.
-Occurs along length of seminiferous tubule -Three stages: Spermatocytogenesis Meiosis Spermiogenesis
Herring bodies contain two hormones that are stored in the pars nervosa and are only mediated to release by nerve impulses. Name the two hormones.
-Oxytocin -Antidiuretic hormone
Know the three stages (follicular, luteal, and menstrual) of the endometrium and what happens in each.
Follicular: Increased blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogens; at the end of the proliferative phase, estrogen, FSH, and luteinizing hormone (LH) blood levels peak. Luteal: Estrogen levels rise in the blood and progesterone blood levels peak; FSH and LH blood levels are decreased Menstrual: Reduced levels of estrogen and progesterone
The spleen is subdivided into ______ & ________. Be able to describe what the 2 sections are composed of.
-White pulp: lymphoid tissue -Red pulp: pump cords (of Billroth)
Emphysema is a disease that results from __________ with the consequent formation of large cyst-like sacs.
Destruction of alveolar walls
The mouth of a child has how many teeth?
20
The cells of the enamel are called ________.
Ameloblasts
The respiratory system has two portions: ________ and _________.
-Conducting -Respiratory
What are the two cells that compose the olfactory epithelium? Describe them.
-Sustentacular cells: insulate and support the olfactory cells -Basal cells: small, dark cells that lie on the basement membrane
The respiratory portion consists of:
-Respiratory bronchioles -Alveolar ducts -Alveolar sacs -Alveoli
Darkening of the tooth may be due to ________.
Hemorrhage of the pulp
Name the condition in which the arterioles of the fingers and toes go into sudden spasms which can last minutes to hours and results in cyanosis and loss of sensation.
Raynaud’s Disease
What is the function of the spleen?
-Filter blood -Phagocytose senescent red blood cells and invading microorganisms -Supply immunocompetent T and B lymphocytes -Manufacture antibodies
_________ occurs throughout the body, especially under moist epithelial membrane and the loose CT is infiltrated by lymphoid cells such as lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, and reticular cells. They are also referred to as ________.
-Diffuse lymphoid tissue -Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
What is the small vessel that consists of a single layer of endothelial cells and possess no smooth muscle cells and do not exhibit any vasomotor activities?
Capillaries
The kidneys posses a concave border known as the _______.
Hilum
The oxygen-rich blood is propelled via the ________ to the remainder of the body to be returned to the right side of the heart.
Systemic circuit
The epithelium of the small intestine is composed of what type of cells?
-Goblet cells -Surface absorptive cells -DNES cells
Hyaline membrane disease is characterized by ________ and is caused by ________.
-Labored breathing -Inadequate levels of surfactant
Dentin is composed of _________.
-65% to 70% inorganic matrix composed of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals -30% to 35% type I collagen fibers
The process of expiration is dependent on:
Relaxation of muscles responsible for inspiration
What are the three types of nephrons?
-Juxtamedullary -Cortical -Midcortical
_________ is a condition in which the bronchi become partially obstructed by bronchoconstriction and mast cell-induced inflammatory response to allergens.
Bronchial asthma
Within the RBC cytosol, _________ catalyzes the formation of H2CO3 to H2O and CO2.
Carbonic anhydrase
What is the disease caused by binding of autoimmune IgG antibodies to TSH receptors thus stimulating increased thyroid hormone production, hyperthyroidism?
Graves’ Disease
The conducting portion of the respiratory system consists of:
-Nasal cavities -Pharynx -Larynx -Trachea -Bronchi
Describe the actions of the hormones cholecystokinin, somatostatin, motilin, and gastrin.
-Cholecystokinin: Contraction of gallbladder; release of pancreatic enzymes -Somatostatin: Inhibits diffuse neuroendocrine system cells in the vicinity of the release -Motilin: Increases intestinal peristalsis -Gastrin: Stimulates secretion of HCl and gastric enzymes
Both the oral cavity and the vestibule are lined by ________.
Stratified squamous epithelium
_______ is supported by 15 to 20 C-rings horseshoe shaped segments of hyaline cartilage.
Trachea
Tooth formation is called ________.
Odontogenesis
What are the three modes of secretions of the exocrine gland? Give an example for each.
-Merocrine: Parotid gland -Apocrine: Lactating mammary gland -Holocrine: Sebaceous gland
Describe lymph nodes.
Ovoid to kidney-shaped organs through which lymph is filtered by exposure to large numbers of lymphoid cells
Describe the vestibule area and oral cavity proper.
-Vestibule: space bounded by the lips and cheeks anteriorly and laterally, whereas its internal boundary is formed by the dental arches -Oral cavity proper: bounded by the teeth exter- nally, the floor of the mouth inferiorly, and the hard and soft palates superiorly
What are the three layers of the uterus?
-Endometrium -Myometrium -Serosa
Herpetic Stomatitis is caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 and is distinguished by _________.
Fever blisters
