Midterm Flashcards
Almost always, epithelia and their derivatives are separated from underlying or surrounding connective tissues by a thin, non-cellular layer, the ________.
Basement membrane
Epithelial membranes are classified according to the shape of the most superficial cell layer, which may be _______.
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
________ are closely spaced, finger-like extensions of the cell membrane that increase the surface area of cells that function in absorption and secretion.
Microvilli
Epithelial membranes that line the serous body cavities are referred to as ________.
Mesothelia
The basal cell membrane of the cell is affixed to the basal lamina by adhering junctions known as ______.
Hemidesmosomes
Glands that deliver their secretions onto the epithelial surface do so via ducts and are known as ______.
Exocrine glands
Glands that do not maintain a connection to the outside (ductless) and whose secretions enter the vascular system for delivery are known as ______.
Endocrine glands
A type of cell characterized as anucleated and function entirely within the circulatory system by transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Red blood cells
What are the three formed elements of the blood?
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
Membranes that line serous body cavities are referred to as ______.
Mesothelia
The secretory cells of a gland are referred to as its ______ and are separated from surrounding connective tissue and vascular elements by a basement membrane.
Parenchyma
The process of blood cell replacement is known as ________.
Hemopoiesis
A type of null cell that resembles lymphocytes and are responsible for the formation of all the formed elements of the blood.
Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells
Cells that function in phagocytosis of particulate matter are known as ________.
Macrophages
_______ is caused by autoantibodies binding to some of the protein components of hemidesmosomes.
Bullous pemphigoid
NADPH Oxidase Deficiency affect what type of leukocyte within an afflicted individual?
Neutrophils
Which type of leukocyte participates in antiparasitic activities?
Eosinophils
Infection mononucleosis is also referred to as the _______.
Kissing disease
A type of cell that stains a reddish-orange color and participates in anti-parasitic activities and phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes.
Eosinophils
A hereditary disease which is the result of a point mutation in the gene that codes for hemoglobin. These erythrocytes are fragile and do not pass easily through small capillaries.
Sickle cell anemia
Connective Tissues, unlike epithelia, are composed mainly of: _______ & _______
- Extracellular matrix
- A limited number of cells
Name the two types of CT that are limited to the embryo.
- Mesenchymal
- Mucous
The lamina densa is composed of what type of collagen?
Type IV
What are the cells that are associated with the loose (areolar) connective tissues?
- Fibroblasts
- Macrophages
- Plasma cells
- Mast cells
- Pericytes
- Fat cells
- Leukocytes
Name 3 of the major glycosaminoglycans constituents.
- Hyaluronic acid
- Dermatan sulfate
- Heparan sulfate
- Chondroitin-4-sulfate
- Chondroitin-6 sulfate
The type of fiber characterized as being the most abundant and is composed of a staggered array of the protein tropocollagen.
Collagen
A condition characterized by bleeding gums and loose teeth among other symptoms and results from vitamin C deficiency.
Scurvy
What is the type of cell that is characterized as a large, multi-nucleated cell derived from monocyte precursors and are responsible for the resorption of the bone.
Osteoclasts
What is a type of ossification which is responsible for the formation of long and short bones and relies on the presence of a hyaline cartilage model that is used as a template on and within which bone is made?
Endochondral ossification
The process of integrated bone resorption and bone replacement is known as?
Coupling
A type of deficiency that results in poorly calcified (soft) bone and causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
Vitamin D
A disease characterized as a decrease in bone mass arising from lack of bone formation or from increased bone resorption. Occurs commonly in old age and in postmenopausal women.
Osteoporosis
The periosteum is affixed to bone via _______, collagenous bundles trapped in the calcified bone matrix during ossification.
Sharpey’s fibers
Osteocytes occupy lenticular-shaped spaces known as _______.
Lacunae
The muscle cell membrane is referred to as the _______, and the mitochondria are referred to as ________.
- Sarcolemma
- Sarcosomes
All three muscles (skeletal, smooth, cardiac) are derived from which germ layer?
Mesoderm
In the skeletal muscle, thin filaments are composed of _______ whereas thick filaments are composed of ______.
- Actin
- Myosin
Cardiac muscle cells form specialized junctions known as _________ as they interdigitate which each other.
Intercalated discs
For smooth muscle contraction to occur, calcium is released from _____ and binds to ______.
- Caveolae
- Calmodulin
Name the autoimmune disease that is characterized as incremental weakening of skeletal muscles.
Myasthenia gravis
Pompe’s disease is an inherited metabolic glycogen-storage disease where the cells of the patient are unable to degrade glycogen due to an ______ deficiency.
Acid maltase
Each skeletal muscle is fascicle is surrounded by ______, a loose connective tissue.
Perimysium
Within smooth muscle, the intermediate filaments ______ and _____ form dense bodies where they cross each other at points of attachments to the cytoplasmic aspect of the sarcolemma.
- Vimentin
- Desmin
Name the hereditary condition that is thought to be caused by the loss of neurons of the CNS that produce the neurotransmitter GABA.
Huntington’s Chorea
The meninges consist of a triple-layered connective tissue sheaths. Name them.
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid
- Pia mater
The axon forms a terminal swelling known as ________, that comes close to but does not contact the muscle cell’s sarcolemma.
Axon terminal
A ______ is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS, whereas a similar collection of soma in the CNS is called _______.
- Ganglion
- Nucleus
What are the supporting cells in the CNS? (Name 4)
- Astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- Microglia
- Ependymal cells
Parkinson’s disease is related to the loss of neurotransmitter _______ in the brain.
Dopamine
Name the disease characterized as the reduction of blood supply to the organs and results in hypoxia and subsequent cell death.
Ischemia
Differentiate between mesothelia and endothelia.
- Mesothelia: lines serous body cavities
- Endothelia: lines blood and lymph vessels and chambers of the heart
The actin filaments of the stereocilia are linked to each other by _____.
Fimbrin
What are the 3 components of the terminal bars?
- Zona occludens
- Zona adherens
- Macula adherens
Individuals with ______ exhibit blistering in the groin, axilla, areas of flexures, and oral cavity. It is treated by steroid and immunosuppressive therapy.
Bullous pemphigoid
________ is an autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies binding to some of the components of desmosomes.
Bullous pemphigoid
List the erythropoietic process
- Proerythroblast
- Basophilic erythroblast
- Polychromatic erythroblast
- Orthochromatophilic erythroblast
- Reticulocytes
- Erythrocytes
The two multipotential hemopoietic stem cells that arise from PHSCs are: _______ and ______
CFU-GEMM & CFU-Ly
What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?
- B lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes
- Null cells
What is the primary difference between serum and plasma?
Serum contains no fibrinogen or other components necessary for the clotting reaction
_______ is a virus responsible for “kissing disease” or infectious mononucleosis.
Epstein-Barr
________ cells store fat in the bone marrow.
Adventitial reticular cells
_______ cells mature and become granulocytes in the bloodstream.
Band (stab)
The intrinsic pathway uses which three factors?
Factor VII, Factor VIII, and von Willebrand factor
Marfan’s syndrome is linked to a genetic defect in Chromosome 15 that codes for _______.
Fibrillin
Overabundance of collagen forms elevated scars called ______.
Keloids
Differentiate between unilocular and multilocular adipose tissue.
Multilocular: Brown, many mitochondria, infants
Unilocular: White, few mitochondria, adults
Know the amino acids that make up the tropocollagen subunit of collagen fibers.
- Proline
- Lysine
- Hydroxyproline
- Hydroxylysine
Chronic inflammation is linked to which cell of the loose areolar CT?
Plasma cells
What do plasma cells synthesize and release?
Humoral antibodies
The two components of the bone remodeling units are ______ and ______.
- Resorption cavity
- Lamellar formation
What two transcription factors are responsible for the transformation of osteoblasts to osteocytes?
- Cbfa1/Runx2
- Osterix
List the four lamellar systems into which the bony lamellar of compact bone is organized.
- External & internal circumferential lamellae
- Interstitial lamellae
- Osteons
Basophils secrete ______.
Histamine
What is the function of a pericyte?
Assist in regulation of blood flow through capillaries
Differentiate between T and B lymphocytes.
- T cells: cellularly mediated immune response
- B cells: humorally mediated immune response
Differentiate between monocyte and macrophage.
When monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter the connective tissue spaces, they become known as macrophages.
Differentiate between basophils and eosinophils.
- Eosinophils: stain a reddish-orange color; participate in antiparasitic activities and phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes
- Basophils: stain a dark blue color; Precise function is unknown, but the contents of their granules include histamine and heparin.
