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Histology Lab > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Almost always, epithelia and their derivatives are separated from underlying or surrounding connective tissues by a thin, non-cellular layer, the ________.

A

Basement membrane

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2
Q

Epithelial membranes are classified according to the shape of the most superficial cell layer, which may be _______.

A
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
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3
Q

________ are closely spaced, finger-like extensions of the cell membrane that increase the surface area of cells that function in absorption and secretion.

A

Microvilli

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4
Q

Epithelial membranes that line the serous body cavities are referred to as ________.

A

Mesothelia

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5
Q

The basal cell membrane of the cell is affixed to the basal lamina by adhering junctions known as ______.

A

Hemidesmosomes

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6
Q

Glands that deliver their secretions onto the epithelial surface do so via ducts and are known as ______.

A

Exocrine glands

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7
Q

Glands that do not maintain a connection to the outside (ductless) and whose secretions enter the vascular system for delivery are known as ______.

A

Endocrine glands

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8
Q

A type of cell characterized as anucleated and function entirely within the circulatory system by transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.

A

Red blood cells

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9
Q

What are the three formed elements of the blood?

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
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10
Q

Membranes that line serous body cavities are referred to as ______.

A

Mesothelia

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11
Q

The secretory cells of a gland are referred to as its ______ and are separated from surrounding connective tissue and vascular elements by a basement membrane.

A

Parenchyma

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12
Q

The process of blood cell replacement is known as ________.

A

Hemopoiesis

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13
Q

A type of null cell that resembles lymphocytes and are responsible for the formation of all the formed elements of the blood.

A

Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells

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14
Q

Cells that function in phagocytosis of particulate matter are known as ________.

A

Macrophages

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15
Q

_______ is caused by autoantibodies binding to some of the protein components of hemidesmosomes.

A

Bullous pemphigoid

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16
Q

NADPH Oxidase Deficiency affect what type of leukocyte within an afflicted individual?

A

Neutrophils

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17
Q

Which type of leukocyte participates in antiparasitic activities?

A

Eosinophils

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18
Q

Infection mononucleosis is also referred to as the _______.

A

Kissing disease

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19
Q

A type of cell that stains a reddish-orange color and participates in anti-parasitic activities and phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes.

A

Eosinophils

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20
Q

A hereditary disease which is the result of a point mutation in the gene that codes for hemoglobin. These erythrocytes are fragile and do not pass easily through small capillaries.

A

Sickle cell anemia

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21
Q

Connective Tissues, unlike epithelia, are composed mainly of: _______ & _______

A
  • Extracellular matrix

- A limited number of cells

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22
Q

Name the two types of CT that are limited to the embryo.

A
  • Mesenchymal

- Mucous

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23
Q

The lamina densa is composed of what type of collagen?

A

Type IV

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24
Q

What are the cells that are associated with the loose (areolar) connective tissues?

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Macrophages
  • Plasma cells
  • Mast cells
  • Pericytes
  • Fat cells
  • Leukocytes
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25
Name 3 of the major glycosaminoglycans constituents.
- Hyaluronic acid - Dermatan sulfate - Heparan sulfate - Chondroitin-4-sulfate - Chondroitin-6 sulfate
26
The type of fiber characterized as being the most abundant and is composed of a staggered array of the protein tropocollagen.
Collagen
27
A condition characterized by bleeding gums and loose teeth among other symptoms and results from vitamin C deficiency.
Scurvy
28
What is the type of cell that is characterized as a large, multi-nucleated cell derived from monocyte precursors and are responsible for the resorption of the bone.
Osteoclasts
29
What is a type of ossification which is responsible for the formation of long and short bones and relies on the presence of a hyaline cartilage model that is used as a template on and within which bone is made?
Endochondral ossification
30
The process of integrated bone resorption and bone replacement is known as?
Coupling
31
A type of deficiency that results in poorly calcified (soft) bone and causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
Vitamin D
32
A disease characterized as a decrease in bone mass arising from lack of bone formation or from increased bone resorption. Occurs commonly in old age and in postmenopausal women.
Osteoporosis
33
The periosteum is affixed to bone via _______, collagenous bundles trapped in the calcified bone matrix during ossification.
Sharpey's fibers
34
Osteocytes occupy lenticular-shaped spaces known as _______.
Lacunae
35
The muscle cell membrane is referred to as the _______, and the mitochondria are referred to as ________.
- Sarcolemma | - Sarcosomes
36
All three muscles (skeletal, smooth, cardiac) are derived from which germ layer?
Mesoderm
37
In the skeletal muscle, thin filaments are composed of _______ whereas thick filaments are composed of ______.
- Actin | - Myosin
38
Cardiac muscle cells form specialized junctions known as _________ as they interdigitate which each other.
Intercalated discs
39
For smooth muscle contraction to occur, calcium is released from _____ and binds to ______.
- Caveolae | - Calmodulin
40
Name the autoimmune disease that is characterized as incremental weakening of skeletal muscles.
Myasthenia gravis
41
Pompe's disease is an inherited metabolic glycogen-storage disease where the cells of the patient are unable to degrade glycogen due to an ______ deficiency.
Acid maltase
42
Each skeletal muscle is fascicle is surrounded by ______, a loose connective tissue.
Perimysium
43
Within smooth muscle, the intermediate filaments ______ and _____ form dense bodies where they cross each other at points of attachments to the cytoplasmic aspect of the sarcolemma.
- Vimentin | - Desmin
44
Name the hereditary condition that is thought to be caused by the loss of neurons of the CNS that produce the neurotransmitter GABA.
Huntington's Chorea
45
The meninges consist of a triple-layered connective tissue sheaths. Name them.
- Dura mater - Arachnoid - Pia mater
46
The axon forms a terminal swelling known as ________, that comes close to but does not contact the muscle cell's sarcolemma.
Axon terminal
47
A ______ is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS, whereas a similar collection of soma in the CNS is called _______.
- Ganglion | - Nucleus
48
What are the supporting cells in the CNS? (Name 4)
- Astrocytes - Oligodendrocytes - Microglia - Ependymal cells
49
Parkinson's disease is related to the loss of neurotransmitter _______ in the brain.
Dopamine
50
Name the disease characterized as the reduction of blood supply to the organs and results in hypoxia and subsequent cell death.
Ischemia
51
Differentiate between mesothelia and endothelia.
- Mesothelia: lines serous body cavities | - Endothelia: lines blood and lymph vessels and chambers of the heart
52
The actin filaments of the stereocilia are linked to each other by _____.
Fimbrin
53
What are the 3 components of the terminal bars?
- Zona occludens - Zona adherens - Macula adherens
54
Individuals with ______ exhibit blistering in the groin, axilla, areas of flexures, and oral cavity. It is treated by steroid and immunosuppressive therapy.
Bullous pemphigoid
55
________ is an autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies binding to some of the components of desmosomes.
Bullous pemphigoid
56
List the erythropoietic process
1. Proerythroblast 2. Basophilic erythroblast 3. Polychromatic erythroblast 4. Orthochromatophilic erythroblast 5. Reticulocytes 6. Erythrocytes
57
The two multipotential hemopoietic stem cells that arise from PHSCs are: _______ and ______
CFU-GEMM & CFU-Ly
58
What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?
- B lymphocytes - T lymphocytes - Null cells
59
What is the primary difference between serum and plasma?
Serum contains no fibrinogen or other components necessary for the clotting reaction
60
_______ is a virus responsible for "kissing disease" or infectious mononucleosis.
Epstein-Barr
61
________ cells store fat in the bone marrow.
Adventitial reticular cells
62
_______ cells mature and become granulocytes in the bloodstream.
Band (stab)
63
The intrinsic pathway uses which three factors?
Factor VII, Factor VIII, and von Willebrand factor
64
Marfan's syndrome is linked to a genetic defect in Chromosome 15 that codes for _______.
Fibrillin
65
Overabundance of collagen forms elevated scars called ______.
Keloids
66
Differentiate between unilocular and multilocular adipose tissue.
Multilocular: Brown, many mitochondria, infants Unilocular: White, few mitochondria, adults
67
Know the amino acids that make up the tropocollagen subunit of collagen fibers.
- Proline - Lysine - Hydroxyproline - Hydroxylysine
68
Chronic inflammation is linked to which cell of the loose areolar CT?
Plasma cells
69
What do plasma cells synthesize and release?
Humoral antibodies
70
The two components of the bone remodeling units are ______ and ______.
- Resorption cavity | - Lamellar formation
71
What two transcription factors are responsible for the transformation of osteoblasts to osteocytes?
- Cbfa1/Runx2 | - Osterix
72
List the four lamellar systems into which the bony lamellar of compact bone is organized.
- External & internal circumferential lamellae - Interstitial lamellae - Osteons
73
Basophils secrete ______.
Histamine
74
What is the function of a pericyte?
Assist in regulation of blood flow through capillaries
75
Differentiate between T and B lymphocytes.
- T cells: cellularly mediated immune response | - B cells: humorally mediated immune response
76
Differentiate between monocyte and macrophage.
When monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter the connective tissue spaces, they become known as macrophages.
77
Differentiate between basophils and eosinophils.
- Eosinophils: stain a reddish-orange color; participate in antiparasitic activities and phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes - Basophils: stain a dark blue color; Precise function is unknown, but the contents of their granules include histamine and heparin.

Histology Lab (18 decks)

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