Midterm part two

Question 1

Cell Division:

Answer 1

Essential for growth and repair in multicellular organisms.
Provides a means of reproduction in bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotes (e.g., yeast, amoebae).

Question 2

Genetic Continuity:

Answer 2

Parent cells yield essentially identical daughter cells through mitosis and bacterial division, ensuring continuity of genetic information.

Question 3

Cell Cycle

Answer 3

The series of phases that a cell goes through from one division to the next, including interphase and mitotic phases.

Question 4

Mitosis:

Answer 4

The process of nuclear division that results in two identical daughter cells.

Question 5

Meiosis

Answer 5

A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four non-identical haploid cells.

Question 6

Chromosome

Answer 6

A DNA molecule that contains genetic information, visible during cell division.

Question 7

Ploidy

Answer 7

The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell (e.g., haploid = 1 set, diploid = 2 sets)

Question 8

Haploid

Answer 8

Cells with one set of chromosomes (e.g., gametes).

Question 9

Diploid:

Answer 9

Cells with two sets of chromosomes (e.g., somatic cells).

Question 10

Chromatid

Answer 10

One of two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome; sister chromatids are identical.

Question 11

Chromosome Segregation

Answer 11

The process of separating sister chromatids during cell division.

Question 12

Spindle

Answer 12

The structure made of microtubules that separates chromosomes during mitosis.

Question 13

Centromere

Answer 13

The region where sister chromatids are joined together.

Question 14

Centrosome

Answer 14

The organizing center for microtubules.

Question 15

Kinetochore

Answer 15

The protein structure on the chromosome where spindle fibers attach during cell division.

Question 16

Cleavage Furrow:

Answer 16

The indentation that begins the process of cytokinesis in animal cells.

Question 17

Cell Plate:

Answer 17

The structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells.

Question 18

Binary Fission

Answer 18

A form of asexual reproduction in bacteria where a parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Question 19

Origin of Replication (ori)

Answer 19

The site on the DNA molecule where replication begins.

Question 20

Stages in the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle/Mitosis:

Answer 20

Interphase
G1 Phase
S Phase
G2 Phase
G0 Phase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

Question 21

Stages of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle/Mitosis

Answer 21

Interphase: Preparation for division.
Mitosis: Division of the nucleus through prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm.

Question 22

Bacterial Cell Division vs. Eukaryotic Mitosis

Answer 22

Binary Fission: Simpler process where a single circular chromosome replicates, and the cell divides into two identical cells.
Mitosis: More complex, involving multiple chromosomes, spindle formation, and a series of stages.

Question 23

Circumstances for Eukaryotic Cell Division:

Answer 23

Growth of an organism (e.g., tissue development).
Repair of damaged tissues (e.g., healing a wound).
Asexual reproduction (e.g., budding in yeast).

Question 24

Chromatids, Chromosomes, and DNA Content:

Answer 24

G1 Phase: Each chromosome has one chromatid; DNA content is diploid (2n).
S Phase: Each chromosome is duplicated; DNA content doubles.
G2 Phase: Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids; DNA content is still diploid.
M Phase: Chromatids are separated; daughter cells will have one chromatid per chromosome.

Question 25

Role of Microtubules and Kinetochore in Chromosome Segregation:

Answer 25

Microtubules form the spindle apparatus, attaching to kinetochores on chromosomes to pull sister chromatids apart during anaphase.

Question 26

Differences Between Mitosis in Animal and Plant Cells:

Answer 26

Animal Cells: Form a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis.
Plant Cells: Form a cell plate, which develops into a new cell wall.

Question 27

Structure/Function Aspects of Different Cells:

Answer 27

Animal cells require flexible structures for movement, hence the cleavage furrow.
Plant cells have rigid cell walls that necessitate the formation of a cell plate for division.

Question 28

Mitosis and Bacterial Cell Division in Cell Theory:

Answer 28

Both processes illustrate that cells arise from pre-existing cells, supporting the concept of continuity of life through cell division.