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AR100 > midterm ONE - Terms > Flashcards

midterm ONE - Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Archaeology

A

the study of the human past, combing the themes of time and change

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2
Q

Culture

A

the means of humam adaption based on past experiences in physical/social environments

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3
Q

Artifact

A

any portable object used, modified or made by humans (stone tools, pottery, metal weapons)

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4
Q

Ecofact

A

Non artifactual organic and environmental remains which have cultural relevance. (bones, plant remains and soil). Can indicate what people ate or the environmental conditions in which they lived

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5
Q

Stratigraphy

A

a branch of geology which studies rock layers

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6
Q

Superimposition

A

bottom layers of strata occurred first

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7
Q

Association

A

relationship between items within an archaeological site (strata layer/distance)

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8
Q

Matrix

A

physical material in which archaeological artifacts are found (dirt)

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9
Q

Otzi the Iceman

A

Dead man that was found in the italian austrian border

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10
Q

Hominid

A

the group consisting of all modern and extinct Great Apes`

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11
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

A

Chad (central Africa). oldest know ancestor (7-6mya). flat face, habitual bipedalism

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12
Q

A. Afarensis - Lucy

A

Hadar, East Africa. 4.2-2.8 mya. Long arms, curved fingers. Bipedal

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13
Q

Homo Habilis

A

East/South Africa 2.5mya-1.6 mya Increase in Brain size. First stone tool maker

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14
Q

Homo Erectus

A

East Africa, Asia, Europe. 1.9mya 143kya. First out of Africa

Increase in brain size (800-1000cc) Totally upright, postcranial skeleton almost identical to modern human

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15
Q

Homo sapiens

A

200 kya-present. Modern humans. Large brain. Vertical forehead. No brow ridge. Use of LANGUAGE, ART, TECH

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16
Q

Neanderthals

A

200-28kya.Europe SW Asia. Mixof human and ape. Large brain, “big boned” brow bridges.

17
Q

Effects/Cause of Agriculture

A

Causes=change of climate+population. Effects=settling+techn+societies

18
Q

Early domesticates

A

plants:seed/cereal (weaht/rye, etc) & root crops (potatoes, yams, taro, manioc) Animals:pigs, goats, sheep, cattle

19
Q

Levels of social/political organization

A

Bands (hunter gather, egalitarian)
Tribes (Segmentary, settled farmers)
Chiefdom (kinship ranking, craft specialization)
States (classed based hierarchy, centralized bureaucracy, laws, taxes)

20
Q

Reciprocity/redistribution

A

gift giving

21
Q

Characteristic of Hominins

A

nearly as efficient at bipedal locomotion as humans. Like people, but unlike apes, the bones of their pelvis, or hip region, were shortened from top to bottom and bowl-shaped (shown below). This made the pelvis more stable for weight support when standing upright or moving bipedally. The longer ape pelvis is adapted for quadrupedal locomotion. Early hominin leg and foot bones were also much more similar to ours than to those of apes. This is consistent with the likelihood of early hominin bipedalism. Tkkheir adult brain size was about 1/3 that of people today. As a result, the widest part of the skull of these early hominins was below the brain case.

22
Q

Tool technologies - Olduwan

A
  • intentionally modified stone tools
  • suggest increase of meat in diet
  • Hit stones together to chip away
23
Q

Tool technologies - Achulean

A

1.5-1.2 mya, made by homo erectus, sharp dual-faced tools with complex shaped edges , too big for arrow tips, mostly hand axes

24
Q

Tool technologies - Mousterian

A

120-40kya Europe and W. Asia

  • Middle Paleolithic
  • flake tools
  • suggest cognitive advance by neanderthals
25
Q

Tool technologies - Clovis

A

Paleoindian period in north America, tool defined by a distinctive type of fluted point (New Mexico)

26
Q

Tool technologies - Folsom

A

Paleoindian period in north America, tool defined by a distinctive type of fluted point but found primarily in the Great Plains

27
Q

Tool technologies - Solutrean

A

Special flaking technique to make thin, leaf-shaped points in several sizes. Used for spears, arrows, or knives.

28
Q

Hominin

A

the group consisting of modern humans, extinct human species and all our immediate ancestors

29
Q

redistribution

A

central supply proportioned by society

AR100 (13 decks)

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