Final Terms Flashcards
Standard of Ur
This was found in the Royal Tombs of Ur and depicts Sumerian times of War and Peace on either side; a sumerian artifact excavated from the royal cemetery of UR, and it is a hollow box with scenes of war and peace on each side through elaborately inlaid mosaics
Narmer Palette
Egyptian (Early Dynastic, Dynasty 1). 3000 BCE.Mudstone. Hierakonpolis. (Narmer wears crown of Upper Egypt and bull’s tail (strength) triumphing over foes and holds rope around head with papyrus (lower egypt); shows the unification of upper and lower egypt, where on one side it shows Narmer wearing the white crown of upper egypt, and on the other side he wears the red crown of lower egypt
Rosetta Stone
A huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing.
Chinese oracle bones
Have provided useful information about the rulers of the Shang dynasty; Wrote on them, then heated them until cracks formed and then read them. These “foretold the future and the will of spirits.”
LIDAR
Light detection and ranging;a technology used in archaeology to detect buildings, remains of roads, agricultural terraces, aqueducts, caves; it can produce three-dimensional imaging and can penetrated the forest canopy
Khmer Empire
The most powerful and longest-lasting kingdom on the mainland of southwest Asia, centering in what is today Cambodia; They had no currency, through taxation, the royal court received and distributed large amounts of subsistence goods including rice, fish, salt, honey, oil, and cloth
Archaeology
the study of the human past, combing the themes of time and change
Culture
the means of humam adaption based on past experiences in physical/social environments
Matrix
physical material in which archaeological artifacts are found (dirt)
Hominid
the group consisting of all modern and extinct Great Apes`
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Chad (central Africa). oldest know ancestor (7-6mya). flat face, habitual bipedalism
A. Afarensis - Lucy
Hadar, East Africa. 4.2-2.8 mya. Long arms, curved fingers. Bipedal
Homo Habilis
East/South Africa 2.5mya-1.6 mya Increase in Brain size. First stone tool maker
Homo Erectus
East Africa, Asia, Europe. 1.9mya 143kya. First out of AfricaIncrease in brain size (800-1000cc) Totally upright, postcranial skeleton almost identical to modern human
Homo sapiens
200 kya-present. Modern humans. Large brain. Vertical forehead. No brow ridge. Use of LANGUAGE, ART, TECH
Neanderthals
200-28kya.Europe SW Asia. Mixof human and ape. Large brain, “big boned” brow bridges.
Levels of social/political organization
Bands (hunter gather, egalitarian)Tribes (Segmentary, settled farmers)Chiefdom (kinship ranking, craft specialization)States (classed based hierarchy, centralized bureaucracy, laws, taxes)
Tool technologies - Olduwan
-intentionally modified stone tools-suggest increase of meat in diet-Hit stones together to chip away
Tool technologies - Achulean
1.5-1.2 mya, made by homo erectus, sharp dual-faced tools with complex shaped edges , too big for arrow tips, mostly hand axes
Tool technologies - Mousterian
120-40kya Europe and W. Asia-Middle Paleolithic-flake tools-suggest cognitive advance by neanderthals
Tool technologies - Clovis
Paleoindian period in north America, tool defined by a distinctive type of fluted point (New Mexico)
Tool technologies - Folsom
Paleoindian period in north America, tool defined by a distinctive type of fluted point but found primarily in the Great Plains
Tool technologies - Solutrean
Special flaking technique to make thin, leaf-shaped points in several sizes. Used for spears, arrows, or knives.
Hominin
the group consisting of modern humans, extinct human species and all our immediate ancestors
Material Culture
the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make, or have made. The term tends to be relevant only in archeological and anthropological studies, but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture, past or present.
Inca Empire
The largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru
Maya
A Mesoamerican civilization. Noted for their script, the only known fully developed writing system of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as for its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems.
Aztec
1200s-1500s, Modern-day Mexico and Guatemala, referred to themselves as the mexica, dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to 16th centuries. They were a state specialized and heirarchically organized politcal formation that orders complex politics.
Mexican Flag
Eagle sitting on cactus eating a snake. When the Aztec first ventured into what is now Mexico City, Huitzilopochtli offered his hand in marriage to the local chief’s daughter. After she had died, the chief forced the Aztec out again. The Aztlan were told by Huitzilopochtli to find said symbol and that is where they would settle.
Stela 31
378 AD, Guatemala, commemerates the twentieth year of King Siyaj Chan K’awaiil II, one of Tikal’s greatest kings.
Mexica-Aztec “Calendar”/Sum Stone
Tenochtitlan, believed to symbolize the creation of the fifth sun and acts as a celebration of the world where the forces of creation and destruction play equal roles.
Los Danzantes of Monte Alban
500-200 BC, Monte Alban, more than 300 stone figures carved into one of the first public buildings. The figures probably represent captives of war, not dancers.
Olmec Cascajal Block
1000 BC, Veracruz lowlands of Mexico, may represent the earliest writing system in the New World. Shows the complexity and sophistication of the Olmec civilization.
Birth of Huitzilopochtli
Aztec diety of war, sun, human sacrifice and the patron of the city of Tenochtitlan
Mexica Migration (Azlan to Tenochtitlan)
1200s, Before the Mexica arrives, the Basin of Mexico was made up of 50 small petty states. 200 years later, they were the most powerful people in Mesoamerica. They were viewed as barbarians, and repeatedly driven away. They eventually conquered the area and built their empire. The Aztlan were told by their god that they would find an eagle with a snake in its mouth and that is where they would build their empire. Named it Tenochtitlan.
Bird God of San Bartolo
creator deity in the sky, wings inscribed with signs for day and night, San Bartolo murals have the bird deity seated on top of each of the four world trees…(on the west wall of San Bartolo)
Seven Cities of Cibola
Spanish explorer Francisco Vazquez de Coronado on his ill-fated quest in 1541 to find the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola. The expedition, which included hundreds of soldiers and Native American guides, lasted two years and traversed some 4,000 miles (6,400 kilometers) of the American West. In the end, no cities of gold were found, and Coronado returned empty-handed and in debt.
myth that led to many expeditions by conquistadors in 16th century, friar de nizam reported to spanish officials that he had seen the legendary cities of gold
