Midterm: Lecture 2 Flashcards
Lobes of lung
Three lobes in the right lung: the upper or superior, middle, and lower or inferior
Two lobes in left lung: upper and lower
right middle lobe on the left side is termed the Lingula
Spirometry
test for pulmonary physiology
Tidal volume
volume of air inspired and expired, when at rest
Inspiratory reserve volume
max air inspired
Expiratory reserve volume
Max air expired during tidal volume
Residual volume
Air remains after max expiration
Total lung capacity
sum of residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
Restrictive Disease
unable to take in a full, deep breath
Some diseases with restrictive breathing pattern
polio, obesity, broken ribs, spinal cord disease
Obstructive Disease
is difficulty getting all the air out., largest group of pulmonary diseases
Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease
two diseases that affect the lungs—chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD causes progressive damage to the lungs.
Bronchitis
inflammation of the lining of the bronchi
Increased mucus
Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis
Persistent cough
Extreme mucus production
Shortness of breath, especially with exercise
Emphysema symptoms
chronic dyspnea (breathlessness) hyperinflation with barrel chest
Cyanosis
bluish coloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen
Treatment of COPD
Slow damage
Relieve symptoms
Decrease flare-ups
Pneumonia
infection caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi
Signs/ Symptoms:
coughs, fever, sharp chest pain,
Bronchietasis
damages the tiny cilia
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
common, fatal genetic disease
CF management
clear the thick secretions, to reduce chest infections
Asthma
chronic inflammatory disease, causes: SOB, tightness in breath, coughing
Bronchodilators (Puffers)
open the bronchial tubes of the lungs decreasing resistance
Segment lung
19 different segments to the lungs and 11 different postural positions
Different breath sounds
crackles or creps, wheezes, decreased air entry
Contraindications to Assisted Cough
bleeding, osteoporosis, pregnancy
postural drainage:
for excessive sputum, effectiveness cough, decreased breath sounds
Contraindications to Postural Drainage
Hemorrhage
Untreated acute conditions
Cardiovascular instability
Percussion (Clapping)
clapping over the chest
wall to shake secretions
When doing percussion Watch for signs of:
dyspnea
pain
Color of Sputum
White or clear : normal sputum
Yellow : infection
Green : chronic infection, usually bacterial
Red/ reddish-brown : blood
Goals of Breathing Exercises
Relaxation, clear secretions, improve ventilation
Types of breathing
lateral costal, diaphragmatic
Tracheostomy
incision on the anterior aspect of the neck
Benefits of Oxygen therapy
improve sleep, mental alertness, stamina, carry out normal functions
Indications for Mechanical Ventilation
lung injury, COPD, hypoxemia, CHF
