Midterm: Lecture 1

Question 1

Mediastinum

Answer 1

Space between the lungs which contains the heart, the aorta, and vena cava

Question 2

Percardium

Answer 2

cavity that surrounds heart

Question 3

Cardiac Innervation:

Answer 3

5th cranial nerve

Question 4

Valgus nerve responsible for:

Answer 4

Heart rate
Force of each contraction
Cardiac output

Question 5

Sympathetic NS

Answer 5

Increases heart rate
Increases the force of contraction
“Fight or flight response”

Question 6

Parasympathetic NS

Answer 6

Decreases heart rate
Reduces force of contraction
Constricts the coronary arteries

Question 7

Sinuatrial Node:

Answer 7

Positioned on wall of right atrium
Depolarization causing muscle to contract
Automatic nervous system

Question 8

Average resting cardiac rate

Answer 8

70 beats per min

Range between 60-70

Question 9

Four vital signs

Answer 9

HR, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and temperature

Question 10

Factors Affecting Heart Rate

Answer 10

Age
Gender
Environmental Temperature
Infection
Physical Activity

Question 11

Male or womens rest heart rate

Answer 11

Male- 70 bpm

Women- 75 bpm

Question 12

What is resting heart rate for?

Answer 12

determines one’s training target heart rate zone

Question 13

infant/neonatal rate of heartbeat

Answer 13

130-150 bpm

Question 14

toddler’s heartbeat

Answer 14

100-130 bpm

Question 15

Adolescent heart beat

Answer 15

80-100 bpm

Question 16

HR Max

Answer 16

220 – age = theoretical maximum based on age

Question 17

Cardiac Arrythmias

Answer 17

Life threatening medical emergencies

Quite benign and normal

Question 18

Pulse points

Answer 18

Carotid 
Femoral 
Popliteal 
Radial 
Brachial 
Dorsalis 
Tibialis posterior

Question 19

Pulse

Answer 19

described by rate, rhythm and volume

Question 20

Pacemakers

Answer 20

tiny, electrical signals to heart

designed to correct bradycardia

Question 21

ICD

Answer 21

small device in chest/ abdomen

electrical pulses

Question 22

Normal BP

Answer 22

Systolic between 90 and 135mmHg

Diastolic between 50 and 90mmHg

Question 23

Common Types of BP Medication

Answer 23

Diuretics: flush out excess water/ sodium
Beta-blockers: slows down heat to decrease BP
ACE inhibitors: vessels relax
Calcium channel blockers: keeps calcium from entering to make vessels relax

Question 24

Pulse oximetry

Answer 24

percentage of haemoglobin (Hb) which is saturated with oxygen.

Question 25

What level should oxygen saturation be at?

Answer 25

above 95%

Question 26

Cardiac evaluation tools

Answer 26

hx, heart rate, bp, fitness testing etc

Question 27

CAD (coronary artery disease)

Answer 27

leads to inadequate oxygenation of an area of myocardium and cell death
Blockages cause angina - pain

Question 28

Angina

Answer 28

most common symptom of CAD

Question 29

Stable angina

Answer 29

chest pain or discomfort occurring with activity or stress

Question 30

Unstable angina

Answer 30

less stable, can be warning for heart attack

Question 31

Most common congenital heart defects

Answer 31

occur in the ventricular septum- Ventriculoseptal defect (VSD).

Question 32

2 basic valve problems:

Answer 32

Incompetence as a result of poorly functioning valves

Stenosis or narrowing caused by the valve’s inability to open fully

Question 33

Cardiomegaly

Answer 33

enlarged heart due to hypertrophy by overwork

Question 34

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

Answer 34

condition in which the heart can’t pump enough blood to the body’s other organs.

Question 35

Common signs of heart failure

Answer 35

swollen legs or ankles or difficulty breathing.

Question 36

Sternal Precautions

Answer 36

avoid reaching behind you 
avoid reaching out to your side
avoid stretching arms above head
Avoid heavy lifting 
Avoid pushing/ pulling 
Two hands better than one

Question 37

How long are precautions in place?

Answer 37

8-12 weeks

Question 38

Stress Test

Answer 38

evaluated during exercise or load

Question 39

Heart Rate Variability (HRV)

Answer 39

the variation of beat-to-beat intervals.

Question 40

Heart Rate Recovery

Answer 40

Heart rate returns to resting faster for fit person than unfit

Question 41

HRR : heart rate recovery

Answer 41

difference between a person’s resting heart rate and maximum heart rate.

Question 42

Calculation of HRR

Answer 42

HRR = HRmax − HRrest

Question 43

Cardiac Rehab

Answer 43

Supervised program that includes exercise, lifestyle changes, emotional support

Question 44

Rehab factors

Answer 44

Contraindications
THR zone
Respiratory rate
signs of distress

Question 45

Methods to measure exercise intensity

Answer 45

Borg Perceived Exertion Scale
Talk Test
Training Heart Rate Zone

Question 46

Borg Perceived Exertion Scale

Answer 46

exertion best between 12-14

Question 47

Target Heat Rate:

Answer 47

Receive the most benefit from a workout in a safe way

HR= Hrmax x %intensity

Question 48

Healthy Heart Zone (Warm up)

Answer 48

50–60% of maximum heart rate:

Question 49

Fitness Zone (Fat Burning)

Answer 49

60–70% of maximum heart rate:

Question 50

Aerobic Zone (Endurance Training)

Answer 50

70–80% of maximum heart rate:

Question 51

Anaerobic Zone (Performance Training)

Answer 51

80–90% of maximum heart rate:

Question 52

Red Line (Maximum Effort)

Answer 52

90–100% of maximum heart rate:

Question 53

Some Light-Intensity Activities:

Answer 53

Walking slowly
Golf, powered cart
Swimming, slow treading
Gardening or pruning

Question 54

Moderate-Intensity Activities

Answer 54

Walking briskly
Golf, pulling or carrying clubs
Swimming, recreational

Question 55

Vigorous-Intensity Activities

Answer 55

Race walking, jogging or running
Swimming laps
Mowing lawn, hand mower
Tennis, singles