MIDTERM IN ETHICS Flashcards
a conflict in which you have to choose between two or more actions and have moral reasons for choosing each action. A situation in which there is a difficult choice to make about what is the right thing to do.
MORAL DILEMMA
a situation where you have to choose between two or more difficult options, and each choice has both good and bad consequences.
Dilemma
Three Levels of Moral Dilemma
Individual Dilemma
Organizational Dilemma
Structure Dilemma
This is a personal moral problem, dealt with
and solved by the same single person.
It’s as if you’re choosing between two
options: what to do and what not to do.
Individual Dilemma
a puzzle possessed by the dual necessities of a social organization and member’s self- interest. It may exist between personal interests and organizational welfare or between group interests and
organizational well-being.
Organizational Dilemma
A conflict of erspective of sectors, groups and initutions that may be affected by the decisions
Structure Dilemma
-the view that ethical and social standards reflect the cultural context from which they are derived. It uphold that cultures differ fundamentally from one another, and so do the moral frameworks that structure relations within different societies.
Cultural relativism
refers to the shared values,
beliefs, and practices that influence how people interpret morality
Culture
the idea that ethical and social standards are relative to a culture’s context. It means that there is no universal standard to judge the ethics of different cultures.
Cultural Relativism (in ethics)
Example of Cultural Relativism
Marriage Practices
Religious Beliefs
Funeral Rites
Death Penalty
FGM
Polygamy
the belief that one’s own culture, values, and traditions are superior to those of other cultures. It leads to judging other societies based on one’s own cultural standards rather than understanding them within their own context. This mindset can result in stereotypes, discrimination, and a lack of appreciation for cultural diversity.
Ethnocentrism
Ex of ETHNOCENTRISM
Language Superiority
Western Beauty Standards
Food Preference
Clothing Judgments
Believing that speaking English makes someone more intelligent than a person who speaks a native or indigenous language.
Language Superiority
Thinking that fair skin, slim bodies, and straight hair are the “ideal” beauty standards while looking down on people with dark skin, curvier bodies, or other natural features.
Western Beauty Standards
Criticizing cultures that eat certain foods, like saying, “Eating raw fish (sushi) is weird,” instead of understanding that it’s a cultural tradition.
Food Preference
Criticizing people from different cultures for wearing traditional attire, such as hijabs, saris, or tribal clothing, and expecting them to adopt modern fashion.
Clothing Judgment
A set of core principles or beliefs that are shared by people across different cultures, societies, and historical periods. These values often serve as the foundation for moral and ethical judgments, helping individuals differentiate between right and wrong, good and bad.
Universal values
Universal Values applies across the world.
The Claim for Universal Values can be attributed into 2 ways.
- First, it could be that something has a universal value when everybody find it valuable.
- Second, something could have universal value when all people have reason to believe it has value.
TOP 5 UNIVERSAL VALUES
LOVE
PEACE
TRUTH
NON -VIOLENCE
RIGHT CONDUCT
Represents selfless care and compassion towards others.
-Deep care and concern for others, encompassing all of the attributes.
Love
Inner calm and the absence of conflict.
-freedom from disturbance.
PEACE
Honesty and accuracy in communication.
-the quality of being true.
Truth
Avoiding causing harm to others through thoughts, words, or actions.
-principle of avoiding harm, aggression, or force in interactions and promoting peace, understanding, and compassion
Non-Violence
Acting ethically and with moral responsibility.
-behaving in a morally and ethically correct way, following principles of honesty, integrity, fairness, and respect for others
Right Conduct
Individualism vs. Collectivism:
Western cultures are generally more individualistic, focusing on personal goals and self-expression, while Eastern cultures are more collectivist, prioritizing the needs of the community and maintaining social harmony.
Differences between the eastern and
western culture
The primary difference between Eastern and Western culture lies in their emphasis on individualism versus collectivism, with Western cultures tending to prioritize individual freedom, autonomy, and personal achievement while Eastern cultures value collective harmony, family ties, and societal obligations, placing greater importance on the needs of the group over individual aspirations; this manifests in communication styles, power dynamics, and overall social values.
a positive Filipino value that emphasizes communal cooperation and helping one another, but potential negative aspects include over-reliance on others, potential for exploitation, and a lack of individual responsibility if not practiced thoughtfully, especially in situations where people might feel pressured to contribute beyond their means.
Bayanihan
a Filipino concept translating to “debt of gratitude,” has positive aspects like fostering strong social bonds and a sense of reciprocity by encouraging people to repay kindness, but can also be negative when used to manipulate others by creating an overwhelming sense of obligation, leading to potential abuse of power or exploitation.
.Utang na loob
Filipino value meaning “getting along with others,” has positive aspects like fostering harmony and unity within a group, encouraging cooperation, and prioritizing the common good;
however, when taken to extremes, it can lead to negative consequences like suppressing personal opinions, avoiding conflict at the expense of constructive criticism, and potentially enabling harmful group dynamics by not speaking up against wrong actions.
PAKIKISAMA
often regarded as one of the most heartwarming and unique aspects of Filipino culture, but like any cultural trait,
it has both positive and negative aspects.
Filipino hospitality
-behavior involve putting ourselves in the place of others and typically require a combination of mutual respect, empathy, and caring.
-plays an essential role in shaping
behavior and decision-making processes within personal and social contexts.
Moral development
process by which a person develops a distinction between right or wrong and engage in moral reasoning to make ethical decision
Moral Development
9 Factors Affecting Moral Development
Age
Socioeconomic variables
Cognitive variables
Social cognition factors
Theory of mind abilities
Empathy
Socio-moral reasoning
Parental influences
Emotion processing
which impacts our moral reasoning and decision-making abilities
such as income, education, and working conditions
AGE
SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES
such as intellectual functioning, attentional control, verbal fluency, and inhibition
including how we understand and navigate our social environment, affecting our ability to recognize and interpret the emotions of others
COGNITIVE VARIABLES
SOCIAL COGNITION FACTORS
including how good we are at attributing mental states (beliefs, desires, and intentions) to those around us
Such as sharing and feeling another person’s emotional experiences and taking their perspective
THEORY OF MIND ABILITIES
EMPATHY
including what we perceive as social injustice and inequality’
Inncluding their level of education and moral behavior
SOCIO MORAL REASONING
PARENTAL INFLUENCES
involving recognizing, interpreting, and managing our own and others’ feelings
EMOTION PROCESSING
-known for his theory of moral development.
A psychologist who portrayed on education, anthropology, and philosophy, to inform his work
on the development of moral judgment and on moral behavior.
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
the earliest period of moral development. It lasts until around the age of 9. At this age, children’s decisions are primarily shaped by the expectations of adults and the consequences of breaking the rules.
Level 1. Preconventional Morality
marked by the acceptance of social rules regarding what is good and moral. During this time, adolescents and adults internalize the moral standards they have learned from their role models and from society.
This period also focuses on the acceptance of authority and conforming to the norms of the group.
Level 2. Conventional Morality
At this level of moral development, people develop an understanding of abstract principles of morality.
Level 3. Postconventional Morality
Stages of Moral development
Level 1. Preconventional Morality
Level 2. Conventional Morality
Level 3. Postconventional Morality
Stages of Moral development
Level 1. Preconventional Morality:
Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment)
Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange)
The earliest stages of moral development, _____________ are especially common in young children, but adults are also capable of expressing this type of reasoning. According to Kohlberg, people at this stage see rules as fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules is important because it is a way to avoid punishment.
Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment)
At the _________________ stage of moral development, children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs.
Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange)
Stages of Moral development
Level 2. Conventional Morality:
Stage 3 (Developing Good Interpersonal Relationships)
Stage 4 (Maintaining Social Order)
Often referred to as the “good boy-good girl” orientation, this stage of the __________________of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles. There is an emphasis on conformity, being “nice,” and consideration of how choices influence relationships.
Stage 3 (Developing Good Interpersonal Relationships)
This stage is focused on ensuring that ____________. At this stage of moral development, people begin to consider society as a whole when making judgments. The focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one’s duty, and respecting authority.
Stage 4 (Maintaining Social Order)
Stages of Moral development
Level 3. Postconventional Morality:
Stage 5 (Social Contract and Individual Rights)
Stage 6 (Universal Principles)
The ideas of a ___________ cause people in the next stage to begin to account for the differing values, opinions, and beliefs of other people.6 Rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the society should agree upon these standards.
Stage 5 (Social Contract and Individual Rights)
Kohlberg’s final level of moral reasoning is based on ______________ and abstract reasoning. At this stage, people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules.
Stage 6 (Universal Principles)
Limitations/Criticisms On Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral development
Focuses too much on moral reasoning and not enough on actual behavior
Neglects the role of culture
Underestimates the influence of parents on moral development
the process of evaluating actions to determine whether they are right or wrong based on ethical principles.
It involves critical analysis and decision-making about moral issues, often drawing from various ethical theories such as consequentialism, deontology, and moral relativism.
moral reasoning
HE DEVELOPED THE “7 STEP MORAL REASONING” MODEL
SCOTT B. RAE
7 step MORAL REASONING
STEP 1: GATHER THE FACTS
STEP 2: Determine the ethical issues
STEP 3: Identifying the principles that have a bearing on the case.
STEP 4: listing the alternatives
STEP 5: comparing the alternatives with the principles
STEP 6: weighing the consequences
STEP 7: making a decision
Some moral dilemmas can be resolved just by clarifying facts of the case in question. but in more complex cases, gathering the facts is the indispensable first step before any ethical analysis and reflection of the case.
STEP 1: GATHER THE FACTS
The moral issues should be correctly stated in terms of competing interests. It is these conflicting interest that practically make for a moral dilemma. it moral issues should be correctly stated in terms of competing interests. It is these conflicting interest that practically make for a moral dilemma.
STEP 2: Determine the ethical issues
In any moral dilemma, there are sure moral values or principles that are vital to the rival positions being taken. It is very significant to recognize these principles, and in some cases, to decide whether some principles are to be weighted more heavily than others.
STEP 3: Identifying the principles that have a bearing on the case.
This step involves coming up with the various alternative courses of action as part of the creative thinking included in resolving a moral dilemma. Though there will be some alternatives which you will rule out without much thought, in general , the more alternatives that are listed, the better the chance that your list will include some high-quality ones
STEP 4: listing the alternatives
This step involves eliminating alternatives according to the moral principles that have a bearing on the case.
STEP 5: comparing the alternatives with the principles
If the principles do not produce a clear decision, then a consideration of the consequences of the remaining available alternatives is in order. both positive and negative consequences are to be considered.
STEP 6: weighing the consequences
Since deliberation ought not to go on forever, a decision must be made at some point. It must be realized that one common element to moral dilemmas is that there are no easy and painless solutions to them
STEP 7: making a decision
