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Hist 2B > Midterm I.D.s > Flashcards

Midterm I.D.s Flashcards

1
Q

Mohammed

A
  • spread Islam after his vision from God from the Angel Gabriel
  • gained followers, Islam spreads
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2
Q

Battle of Badar

A
  • battle of Muslims vs. Meccans led by Mohammed
  • strengthened Mohammed’s legitimacy and power
  • Muslims conquer to expand through violence instead of peace
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3
Q

Jihad

A
  • Islamic term to describe the duties of Muslims
  • multiple meanings in Islam: speaks the word of God, struggle for personal perfection, or the coercion/killing/enslavement of nonbelievers
  • compromised by personal ambition/plunder
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4
Q

Umma

A

-def: Muslim community/nation based of peace and egalitarianism

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5
Q

Dar al-Islam

A

-symbol of success of Islam spread

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6
Q

Sunni Shia Split

A
  • split of Islam after Mohammed’s death disputing succession
  • Shia (majority) believed Mohammed’s rightful successor was his father in law
  • Sunni believed succession should be heredity
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7
Q

Æbbe the Younger

A
  • nun in Scotland
  • Viking attacks, mass rapes in nunnery
  • Æbbe took a vow of celibacy, wanted to stay pure so she mutilated her face by cutting off her nose to seem unappealing
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8
Q

Charlemagne

A
  • grandson of Charles Martel
  • becomes ruler of the Frankish Kingdom after father’s death
  • coronation: no legitimacy to rule, so coverts to Christianity and asks Pope Leo III
  • spent life unifying Europe and converting empire to Christianity
  • HRE starts during his reign
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9
Q

Holy Roman Empire

A
  • starts during Charlemagne’s reign
  • employed a mobile command structure for visibility (Charlemagne moved around a lot with entourage to show up unexpectedly to keep subjects on feet)
  • weaknesses: didn’t regulate trade, imperial wealth based on redistribution of booty and slave trade
  • falls into civil war after Charlemagne’s reign, empire split into 3
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10
Q

Feudalism

A
  • system of reciprocal obligations between lords and vassals
  • military relationships with multiple loyalties
  • social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return
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11
Q

Knights Fee

A
  • the hereditary rule of social, political, judicial and economic spheres
  • a unit measure of land deemed sufficient to support a knight
  • deals with feudalism
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12
Q

Manorialism

A
  • opposite of private property
  • lord owned land and had peasants work the land for them; peasants had to pay tribute to lord in exchange for protection
  • no incentive for surplus, but cerialization lead to population explosion
  • most peasants never leave
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13
Q

Tortula Texts

A
  • concerns family life in Medieval Europe
  • texts that teach women how to be midwives
  • key way for women to break from patriarchy
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14
Q

Christian Monasticism

A
  • devotional practice where individuals ascetic lives devoted to God
  • important to Christianity in Medieval Europe
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15
Q

Walk to Canossa

A
  • church vs. state: who appoints bishops? Pope or emperor?
  • Gregory VII vs. Henry IV
  • Henry placed on throne at 6 but Gregory assumes power until old enough, excommunicates Henry when demands power
  • no religious legitimization, so needs to apologize to pope - crawls on knees to pope, ultimate shame to emperor
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16
Q

Concordat of Worms

A
  • agreement reached by Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V to put an end to the struggle over investiture
  • it brought an end to the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors
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17
Q

Great Schism

A
  • definite split between Catholic and Orthodox Church
  • churches excommunicated each other due to political, economic, cultural, and theological differences
  • not lifted until 1964
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18
Q

The Knights Templar

A
  • military order legitimized by pope but don’t answer to church or King
  • made up of rich men from elite families
  • went to war in Crusades to repent sins
  • mass persecution after loss of holy land
  • represents lack of central authority
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19
Q

Lay piety

A

Idea of, unified religion

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20
Q

Council of Clermont

A
  • called by Pope Urban II
  • call for holy war against Muslims after the loss of the Holy Land
  • start of the First Crusade
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21
Q

Siege of Jerusalem

A
  • During first crusade, Christians siege Jerusalem from Muslims
  • slaughter Muslims and Jews, “blood up to their knees”
22
Q

“Latin Kingdoms”

A
  • after siege of Jerusalem, city was ruled as a mini kingdom
  • important for how global culture fuses with European culture
23
Q

Rhineland Massacres

A
  • massacre of Jews in the Rhineland by Christians
  • many people in debt to Jewish moneylenders
  • Christians strictly against usury, something Jews did on a regular basis
  • represented new chapter of anti-semitism that would continue to grow throughout history
24
Q

Sacking of Constantinople

A
  • known as the Fourth Crusade
  • East vs. West Orthodox Church
  • west takes over Hagia Sophia
  • what many say was the beginning of the end for the Byzantine Empire
25
Q

Medieval Inquisition

A
  • one of the aftermaths of the Crusades
  • spike in religious persecution and violence
  • attempt to eliminate heresy and stave off mob violence
  • witch persecutions: not really witch hunts, but women were seen as leading people away from orthodox and into heresy
26
Q

Battle of Hattin

A
  • battle between crusaders and Saladin
  • recapture of lands taken by crusaders
  • recaptures Jerusalem, makes mass slave sales
27
Q

Ayyubid Dynasty

A
  • founded by Saladin, declared himself Sultan after Nur al-Din’s death
  • ushered great economic prosperity and conquered many lands
  • led to resurgence of intellectual activity in Islamic world
28
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A
  • dynasty system in China that allowed China to remain an empire (continuity)
  • people who declared the Mandate of Heaven had religious legitimization to rule
  • was a double edged sword
  • also gave people the right to rebel ruler if legitimization was successful
29
Q

Three Ways of Learning in China

A
  1. Confucianism
  2. Taoism
  3. Buddhism
30
Q

Filial Piety

A
  • one of the teaching of Confucius
  • stated obedience to proper authority
  • allowed for more concrete loyalty to emperor
31
Q

Reciprocity

A
  • another teaching of Confucius
  • states that people shouldn’t give allegiance to authority “just because” but because they are fulfilling their duties correctly
32
Q

Lessons for Women

A
  • written by Ban Zhao

- taught women how to best honor patrilineal relationships as a wife

33
Q

Empress Wu

A
  • first and only female emperor
  • very educated and smart
  • became emperor’s concubine at 14, has children with him, executed empress, emptier dies and Wu becomes empress
  • broke the power of aristocratic clans in north
  • used exams to bolster power
34
Q

An Lushan Rebellion

A
  • An Lushan was a general with 100,000 men
  • set off numerous rebellions in Tang Dynasty after he declared himself emperor of China
  • established Yan dynasty
35
Q

Eurasian Steppe

A
  • part of world where people practiced nomadic pastoralism
  • landscaped allowed them to live outside of civilizations
  • world of Temujin
  • nomads frequently hunted and raided other people on the steppe making it hard for them to use the land
36
Q

Kurultai

A
  • a great meeting where opposers would bring all their allies to a meeting and vote on something
  • Genghis Khan did this to have people vote for him to be the khan of khans
37
Q

Temujin

A
  • his father was so poor no one wanted to marry him so he stole a bride (how Temujin was born)
  • father dies, his people turn on him and his family and left for dead
  • finds blood brother Jamukha, but eventually turn on each other
  • Temujin comes out victorious, eventually because age this Khan
38
Q

Bride stealing

A
  • a practice where you could steal your way into prestige by steaming a wife because you also gain her horses, materials, etc.
  • Genghis Khan’s father stole his mother for a bride, but GK not recognized as a traditional member of elite by most people
39
Q

Genghis Khan

A
  • founder and khan of Mongolian Empire
  • valued loyalty over aristocracy
  • reforms: military (whole unit accountable, compound bow, Chinese engineers, terror and tribute) and protection of women
  • conquests helped make Mongol Empire largest empire in the world
40
Q

Massacre at Nishapur

A
  • Mongols take the city of Nishapur, but GK’s son-in-law is killed by an arrow
  • daughter and GK want revenge, so Mongol troops kill every person in city and behead them
41
Q

Siege of Baghdad

A
  • Mongols take over city after siege and kill caliph

- marks the end of golden age of Islam

42
Q

Yassa Laws

A
  • code of law created by GK
    1. Protection of women (cannot be kidnapped or forced into marriage without consent)
    2. All children were legitimate
    3. Tax exemptions for things useful to the empire such as religious leaders to promote religious diversity
43
Q

Pax Mongolica

A
  • period of peace and a space where the Mongols played a dominant role in trade, politics, etc.
  • law of Mongols dominates land
44
Q

First World System

A
  • intercommunication of different worlds and regions where goods and ideas were exchanged
  • Islamic World: loses top trade/place in civilization after Mongols
  • Europe: crusades spur global mindset
  • Mongol hegemony
  • land and sea based
45
Q

Silk Road

A
  • ancient network of trade routes, connecting China to other regions of that side of the globe
  • promoted trade and cultural exchanges
  • pottery and silk important factors for Silk Road
  • helped contribute to First World System
46
Q

Merchant Capitalism

A

-self-made merchants in Venice and Genoa city-states

47
Q

The Travels of Marco Polo

A
  • a collection of writings detailing Marco Polo’s travels
  • written during Polo’s prison stay
  • became culturally significant in Europe detailing Asia
  • celebrated Mongol empire in his collections
48
Q

Törogene

A
  • wife of Ögedei Khan
  • became regent of Mongol empire after husbands death
  • mass purge of husband’s intermediaries with Fatima (her right hand woman)
  • raises Mongol aristocratic clans, causing resentment with more modern Mongols
  • enemies execute Törogene and Fatima
49
Q

Toluid Civil War

A
  • Mongol power struggle between Ariq Böke and Kublai Khan after their father dies and no named successor
  • kurultai announces Kublai as khan (wins because he has more resources from the Silk Road), Ariq supporters angry and civil war happens
  • Kunlai defeats Ariq
50
Q

Kublai Khan

A
  • khan on Mongol Empire
  • can’t get support from Europe and Middle East so he claims the Mandate of Heaven
  • breaks from Mongol traditions, loss of supporters because people think he’s becoming “too Chinese”
  • conquests cost too much, has to tax people, people get angry
  • ailed conquests in Japan and Poland: beginning of end for Mongol empire
51
Q

Yuan Dynasty

A

-Chinese dynasty founded by Kublai Khan

Hist 2B (16 decks)

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