midterm exam review Flashcards
what is mass number?
the decimal at the bottom of an elemental square rounded to the nearest whole number.
how do you find the number of neutrons an atom will have?
mass number- proton number (proton number is same as atomic number)
what are the capacities of the energy levels in an atom?
2, 8, 8, 8
What is the determining factor of whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Whether it has membrane-bound organelles- nucleus, nucleolus, etc.
lysosomes ____ appear in plant cells
rarely
on a heating/cooling curve graph, what type of energy is it when the line is going up/down
kinetic
on a heating/cooling curve graph, what type of energy is it when the line is staying the same
potential
What is an oxidation/combustion reaction?
when oxygen (O2) is a stand alone reactant on the reactant side of the equation.
what is stronger, covalent bonds or ionic bonds?
ionic
what is a covalent bond?
when elements share electrons, equal sharing holds compounds together. Usually has either silicon or carbon.
what is an ionic bond?
form when elements lose/gain electrons in order to form ions, compounds are held together by the difference in charge. (positive attracts negative) form usually when elements involved are far apart on the PT.
what are the 5 types of mixture seperation?
distillation, evaporation, manual separation, filtration, and magnetism
what is distillation?
seperating two liquids that have different boiling points.
what is evaporation?
boiling away the solvent in a solution and allowing any remaining residue/solute to be seperated
what is manual seperation
use of hands/forceps to remove large particles from a mixture.
what is filtration
using filter paper to trap larger sized particles while smaller sized particles pass through (like a semi permeable membrane)
what is magnetism
use of a magnet to remove metals that have magnetic properties from a mixture
what are the 3 types of solution?
solutions, suspensions, and colloids.
A. heating graph
B. cooling graph
which of the above graphs show increasing kinetic energy?
A. heating graph
if the plateaus of two graphs happen at the same points/ y level, is it the same substance?
yes.
if the plateaus of two graphs happen at different points/ y level, is it the same substance?
no
in what state of matter do particles not exchange places?
solid
O ₂ + C ₂ O —> C ₂ O ₂
what type of a reaction is this?
combustion/oxidation/synthesis
what is the law of conservation of mass?
matter cannot be created nor destroyed but it can be converted to alternate forms of energy
when balancing a chemical equation, do you EVER change subscripts?
nope
what is the ____ of protons
1. symbol
2. location
3. charge
4. mass
- p+
- in the nucleus
- +1
- 1 amu
what is the ____ of neutrons
1. symbol
2. location
3. charge
4. mass
- n⁰
- in the nucleus
- none/neutral
- 1 amu
what is the ____ of electrons
1. symbol
2. location
3. charge
4. mass
- e⁻
- in electron cloud
- -1
- negligible ~0
what are valence electrons?
electrons on the outermost energy levels of the electron cloud.
Who was john dalton and what advancements did he make to atomic theory?
ideas of law of conservation of mass and law of constant composition came from his work. preformed a number of experiments
who was JJ thompson and what advancements did he make to atomic theory?
provided first hint that an atom is ade of smaller particles. Plum pudding model
who was ernest rutherford and what advancements did he make to atomic theory?
gold foil model. idea that center of an atom is a nucleus
who was neils bohr and what advancements did he make to atomic theory?
bohr model. every electron has a space. idea that electrons orbit nucleus
who was democritus and what advancements did he make to atomic theory?
began search of matter. thought atoms were small hard particles
what is a period number?
tell you how many energy levels there will be in an atom. divided into rows
what is a group number?/
tell you amount of valence electrons. divided into columns
what is atomic number
number at top
what is atomic mass
decimal
what is element symbol
the letter(s)
what is mass number
decimal rounded
atoms combine in…?
whole number ratios (no decimals and DEFINITLEY no fractions)
what is the universal solvent
water
what are the two most reactive metals
francium and flourine
what are some properties of metals?
they are shiny, good heat conductors, good electricity conductors, malleable, and ductile.
what are some properties of nonmetals
dull, dont conduct heat, dont conduct electricity, brittle, nonmalleable
what are some properties of metalloids
have properties of both metals and nonmetals
can you see through a colliod or suspension?
no
what group # is halogems?
17
what group # is alkali metals
1
hat group is alkaline earth metals
2
the nucleus is ____ charged
positivley
how do electrons in the same atom differ?
their energy levels can be different
what subatomic particle identifies the element
proton
what energy level of the electron cloud allows the atom to bond with others?
the outermost level
what type of bond is it where atoms share electrons?
covalent
when salt is dissolved in water, is salt the solute or solvent?
solute
what is the most reactive element overall?
francium
what is group 18
noble gases
groups __ and __ easily form bonds together
1, 17
