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Science > Meiosis, genetics, heredity > Flashcards

Meiosis, genetics, heredity Flashcards

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1
Q

Tetrads

A

2 pairs of homologous chromosomes, four chromatids, joined by one centromere in Prophase I of meiosis I

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2
Q

Crossing over

A

When individual chromatids of a tetrad exchange genetic information with each other resulting in rearrangement of the genetic info for each developing gamete

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3
Q

Independent assortment

A

A term referring to the way crossing over rearranges genetic material during prophase I of Meiosis I

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4
Q

Nondisjunction

A

An error in the formation, replication, or crossing over of chromosomes such that the DNA sequence is not correct. Cause of some diseases and genetic defects.

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5
Q

Haploid chromosome number

A

Half the diploid chromosome number for a species. Gametes of a species are always haploid.

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6
Q

Diploid chromosome number

A

Term describing the chromosome number of somatic cells. The diploid chromosome number is unique to a specific species

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7
Q

Twisted double helix

A

The name for the shape of the DNA molecule

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8
Q

James Watson and Frances Crick

A

Scientists credited with discovery of the twisted double helix shape for the DNA molecule

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9
Q

Sugar phosphate backbone

A

The two molecules that comprise the sugar phosphate backbone of the DNA molecule

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10
Q

Nucleotides that comprise DNA

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

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11
Q

Nucleotide base-pairing in DNA

A

Bases always pair as follows: A&T and C&G

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12
Q

Genotype

A

Letters representing the alleles for a particular genetic trait

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13
Q

Phenotype

A

The actual appearance represented by a specific genotype

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14
Q

Dominant

A

An allele represented by a capital letter that indicates a trait that is always expressed if that allele is present

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15
Q

Recessive

A

An allele represented by a lower case letter that is only expressed if both recessive alleles are present (one from each parent

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16
Q

Allele

A

A specific location on a chromatid where genetic info for one or more traits resides

17
Q

Homozygous

A

Two alleles that are the same, such as AA or aa. These genotypes are referred to as homozygous dominant (AA) or homozygous recessive (aa)

18
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two different alleles (Aa)

19
Q

Punnet square

A

A genetics tool (multi-pane square) that allows one to perform specific genetic crosses to determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the F1 generation resulting from the cross between two specific parents with known genotypes

20
Q

Pure-bred

A

An individual that is homozygous dominant for a specific trait.

21
Q

Hybrid

A

An individual that is heterozygous for a specific trait

22
Q

Heredity

A

The passing of genetic traits from one generation of a species to another through sexual reproduction and the transfer of DNA to successive generations

23
Q

Probability

A

The likelihood that something will occur

24
Q

Gametes in plants

A

Ovules (female) and pollen grain (male)

25
Q

Gametes in animals

A

Egg (female) sperm (male)9

26
Q

Meiosis

A

The type of cellular division that occurs and produces gametes

27
Q

Mitosis

A

The type of cellular division that occurs and produces somatic cells

28
Q

Budding

A

A method of asexual reproduction common to yeast, hydra, and sponges

29
Q

Tubers

A

A method of asexual reproduction common in potatoes, turnips, radishes, and carrots

30
Q

Runners

A

A method of asexual reproduction common in strawberries, melons, etc

31
Q

Plantlets

A

A method of asexual reproduction common in some plants

32
Q

Cuttings

A

A method of asexual reproduction involving the practice of placing a live cutting in soil to root and grow a new adult plant.

33
Q

Fragmentation

A

Asexual reproduction common in starfish and planaria in which they can re-grow lost or damaged body parts

34
Q

Regeneration

A

Asexual reproduction common in starfish in planaria during which they can regrow lost or damaged body parts

35
Q

Binary fission

A

Asexual reproduction method common in bacteria and some protists

36
Q

Internal fertilization

A

Occurs during sexual reproduction when sperm and egg unite inside an organism

37
Q

External fertilization

A

Occurs during sexual reproduction when sperm and egg unite outside an organism

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