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CU: Psych of Personality > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the hormones and brain areas associated with Openness?

A

Dopamine,
left prefrontal cortex, posterior medial prefrontal cortex

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2
Q

What are the hormones and brain areas associated with Conscientiousness?

A

Serotonin,
Middle frontal gyrus

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3
Q

What are the hormones and brain areas associated with Extraversion?

A

Dopamine, endorphins
medial orbital frontal cortex, nucleus acumens, amygdala, striatum

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4
Q

What are the hormones and brain areas associated with Agreeableness?

A

(neurotransmitter) Serotonin
Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, superior temporal sulcus, posterior cingulate cortex

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5
Q

What are the hormones and brain areas associated with emotional stability (inverse of Neuroticism)?

A

(neurotransmitter) Serotonin, (hormones:) cortisol, norepinephrine,

Right frontal lobe (withdrawal), left frontal lobe (anger), amygdala, insula, anterior cingulate

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6
Q

What are the aspects of narrative work? How do they pertain to you own life?

A
  • actor: learning how to be daughter, sister, in church, homeschooler, basketball player (+ other sports) learning skills to be in those situations
  • agent: sophomore/junior - thinking about healthcare, PA job shadow, research
  • author: now at Cedarville recognizing God directing life, things not wanted have brought me to where I am
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7
Q

How do the big 5 and meta-traits of stability and plasticity describe your personal levels?

A

Plasticity: Extraversion & openness: I am low on extraversion and openness, I do not usually like change and I do not change easily. I believe that I am becoming more E and O as I age and force myself out of my comfort zone
Stability: Neuroticism, Agreeableness, conscientiousness
- I am relatively emotionally stable (low N) and I am highly agreeable–I want people to be happy with me and will change my behavior and conscientious–I think about the right thing to do and want to do it, I look out for others.

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8
Q

Interactionism:

A

The principle that aspects of personality and of situations work together to determine behavior; neither has an effect by itself, nor is one more important than the other

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9
Q

What is an example of an active person-environment situation?

A

An extrovert throwing a party–creating an environment that they what to be in

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10
Q

What is an example of a reactive person-environmental situation?

A

An extrovert is happy arriving at a loud and boisterous party and engages in it. An introvert is unhappy and goes to a corner.

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11
Q

What is an example of an evocative person-environmental situation?

A

An extrovert arrives at a party that has not gotten started and changes the mood so people start dancin

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12
Q

Constructivism:

A

The philosophical view that reality, as a concrete entity, does not exist and that only ideas (“constructions”) of reality exist

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13
Q

Critical realism:

A

The philosophical view that the absence of perfect, infallible criteria for determining the truth does not imply that all interpretations of reality are equally valid; instead, one can use empirical evidence to determine which views of reality are more or less likely to be valid

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14
Q

Convergent validation:

A

The strategy of establishing the validity of a measure by comparing it with a wide range of other measures
(Duck Test)

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15
Q

Interjudge agreement:

A

The degree to which two or more people making judgements about the same person making judgements about the same person provide the same description of that person’s personality

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16
Q

Behavorial prediction:

A

The degree to which a judgement or measurement can predict the behavior of the person in question

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17
Q

Predictive validity:

A

The degree to which one measure can be used to predict another measure

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18
Q

Moderator variable:

A

A variable that affects the relationship between two other variables

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19
Q

Judgeability:

A

The extent to which an individual’s personality can be judged accurately by others

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20
Q

Single-trait approach:

A

The research strategy of focusing on one particular trait of interest and learning as much as possible about its behavioral correlates, developmental antecedents, and life consequences

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21
Q

Many-trait approach:

A

The research strategy that focuses on a particular behavior and investigates its correlates with as many different personality traits as possible in order to explain the basis of the behavior and to illuminate the workings of personality

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22
Q

Essential trait approach:

A

The research strategy that attempts to narrow the list of thousands of trait terms into a shorter list of the ones that really matter

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23
Q

California-Q set:

A

A set of 100 descriptive items that comprehensively cover the personality domain (many-trait approach)

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24
Q

Lexical hypothesis:

A

The idea that, if people find something is important, they will develop a word for it, and therefore the major personality traits will have synonymous terms in many different languages

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25
Rank-order consistency:
The maintenance of individual differences in behavior or personality over time or across situations
26
Temperament:
The term often used for the "personality" of very young, pre-verbal children. Aspects of temperament include basic attributes such as activity level, emotional reactivity, and cheerfulness.
27
Heterotypic continuity:
The reflection of the consistency of fundamental differences in personality that changes with age
28
Person-environment transaction:
The process by which people respond to , seek out and create environments that are compatible with, and may magnify, their personality traits
29
Active person-environment transaction:
The process by which people seek out situations they are compatible with their personalities, or avoid situations that they perceive as incompatible
30
Reactive person-environment transaction:
The process by which people with different personalities may react differently to the same situation
31
Evocative person-environment transaction:
The process by which a person may change situations they encounter through behaviors that express their personality
32
Cumulative continuity principle:
The idea that personality becomes more stable and unchanging as a person gets older is
33
Personality development:
Change in personality over time, including the development of adult personality from its origins in infancy and childhood, and changes in personality over the life span
34
Cross-sectional study:
A study of personality development in which people of different ages are assessed at the same time
35
Cohort effect:
The tendency for a research finding to be limited to one group, or cohort, of people, such as people all living during a particular era or in a particular location
36
Longitudinal study:
A study of personality development in which the same people are assessed repeatedly over extended periods of time, sometimes many years
37
Maturity principle:
The idea that traits associate with effective functioning increase with age
38
Social clock:
The traditional expectations of society for when a person is expected to have achieved certain goals such as starting a family or getting settles into a career
39
Narrative identity:
The story one tells oneself about who one is
40
Neurons:
A cell of the nervous system that receives and transmits information; also called nerve cell
41
Hypothalamus:
A complex structure near the lower center of the brain that has direct connections to many other parts of the brain and is involved in the production of psychologically important hormones; thought to be important for mood and motivation
42
Hormones:
A biological chemical that affects parts of the body some distances from where it is produced
43
Amygdala:
A structure located near the base of the brain that is believed to play a role in emotion, especially negative emotions such as anger and fear
44
Hippocampus:
A complex structure deep within the brain, behind the hypothalamus that plays an important role in memory process
45
Cortex:
The outside portion of an organ
46
Neocortex:
the outer layer of the cortex of the brain , regarded as uniquely human
47
Frontal cortex:
The front part of the cortex of the brain. Divided left and right into the two frontal lobes, this part of the brain is associated with cognitive functioning such as planning, foresight, and understanding
48
EEG:
A technique for measuring the brain's electrical activity by placing electrode sensors on the outside of the skull
49
MEG:
A technique for using delicate magnetic sensors on the outside of the skull to detect the brain activity
50
PET:
A technique for creating images of brain activity by injecting a radioactive tracer into the blood and then finding with a scanner where in the brain the blood is being metabolized
51
fMRI:
A technique for imaging brain activity by using a powerful magnet to help detect blood flow in the brain
52
Somatic marker hypothesis:
Damasio's idea that bodily emotions component of thought is a necessary part of problem solving and decision making
53
Corpus callosum:
The thick bundle of nerve fibers connecting the right and left halves of the brain
54
Anterior cingulate:
Important for the experience of normal emotion and self-control
55
Dopamine:
56
Neurotransmitters:
Chemicals for neurotransmitter communication
57
CNS:
The brain and spinal cord
58
PNS:
Nerves not including CNS
59
Endorphins:
natural painkillers blocking pain impulses going to brain
60
Serotonin:
Within the brain role: regulation of emotion and motivation
61
Gonads:
Glands producing sex hormones
62
Adrenal cortex:
outer layer of adrenal gland: secretes several behaviorally important hormones
63
Epinephrine:
Brain neurotransmitter: released by adrenal gland part of stress response (adrenaline)
64
Norepinephrine:
An important neurotransmitter in the brain that is associated with responses to stress, also called noradrenaline
65
Oxytocin:
Hormone, women: emotional attachment and calming
66
Testosterone:
the male sex hormone
67
Estrogen
the female sex hormone
68
Cortisol
A collective term for the glucocorticoid hormones, which are released into the bloodstream by the adrenal cortex as a response to physical or psychological stress
69
Plasticity principle:
Personality can change in any time (but may not be easy)
70
Role continuity principle:
Taking on roles or images (jock/brain) can lead personality to be consistent over time
71
Identity development principle:
People seek to develop stable sense of who they are and then strive to act consistently with this self view
72
Social investment principle:
Changing social roles at different stages life (spouse, parent, boss) can cause personality to change
73
Core responsive principle:
Person-environment transactions cause personality traits to remain consistent or magnify
74
How do clinical psychology and personality psychology overlap? a. Clinical and personality psychology do not overlap because personality psychologists have never had clinical training. b. Clinical and personality psychology are the same thing. c. Clinical and personality psychology share a common responsibility to understand every feature of an individual, not just single aspects about them. d. Clinical psychologists and personality psychologists do not overlap because clinical psychologists are not interested in personality.
c. Clinical and personality psychology share a common responsibility to understand every feature of an individual, not just single aspects about them.
75
What is the psychological triad?
How people feel, think, and behave
76
Is "stubbornness" a good personality trait to have? a. Yes, being resolute is always a strength. b. No, being resistant to change is always a weakness. c. It is not necessarily scientific or relevant to look at traits as being good or bad. d. Yes and no; it can be a strength in some situations and a weakness in others.
d. Yes and no; it can be a strength in some situations and a weakness in others.
77
One branch of the phenomenological approach focuses on how conscious awareness produces uniquely human attributes and the other branch focuses on a. biological mechanisms. b. the degree to which the experience of reality may be different in different cultures. c. how people change their behavior based on rewards, punishment, and learning. d. the conflict of the unconscious mind.
the degree to which the experience of reality may be different in different cultures.
78
One disadvantage of creating "One Big Theory" of personality psychology is that a. It would explain some parts of behavior well and other parts not as well. b. Psychologists would no longer investigate multiple approaches. c. It would nullify the definition of personality. d. It would oversimplify human behavior.
It would explain some parts of behavior well and other parts not as well.
79
Personality psychology emphasizes individual differences. How does this focus serve as one of the discipline's strengths? a. Pigeonholing people has no advantages and, in fact, is a great weakness of personality psychology. b. It allows personality psychologists to conduct experiments in which people have no idea they are being observed, revealing their true personality patterns. c. It creates valid labels for individuals so clinicians can better diagnose their difficulties and prescribe treatment plans. d. It leads personality psychologists to be extremely sensitive to the fact that people really are different from each other.
d. It leads personality psychologists to be extremely sensitive to the fact that people really are different from each other.
80
Personality psychology's biggest advantage over other areas of psychology is that
the psychology of whole persons is taken into account.
81
The three parts of the psychological—think, feel, behave—triad are
not always consistent at all times.
82
When defining personality, we could say that personality is best described as
people's characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior together with the psychological mechanisms, hidden or not, behind those patterns. (psychological triad)
83
Which of the following is an example of a basic approach, or paradigm, of personality psychology? a. the psychoanalytic approach b. Funder's First Law c. cases where two theories overlap each other d. cases where one theory must be used to explain a certain aspect of another theory
a. the psychoanalytic approach
84
According to the text, why might older people be more inclined to believe that individuals generally possess consistent personality traits? a. As people age, they develop consistent personalities for themselves through embarking on a career track, starting families, and undertaking roles and responsibilities. b. Statistical analysis reveals that people tend to grow more conservative with age; therefore, older persons are more likely to take a more static view of trait personality. c. Younger individuals benefit from keeping an open mind about the various possibilities in store for them as they develop into adults. d. Younger people themselves are more consistent than older ones.
a. As people age, they develop consistent personalities for themselves through embarking on a career track, starting families, and undertaking roles and responsibilities.
85
The __________ says that under the right circumstances, anybody could be rich, popular, and successful. The __________ says that some people possess characteristics that make bad outcomes relatively likely. nature/nurture/situationist/trait
situationist view; trait approach
86
The idea that people are psychologically different and that it is important and interesting to note these differences is made evident by a. making mistakes when judging personality traits. b. comparing situations to personality traits. c. observing people in naturalistic situations. d. words arising to describe individual differences.
d. words arising to describe individual differences.
87
Why might adults tend to be more stable when it comes to personality and decision making, whereas adolescents and children tend to be more erratic and fluctuating?
Adults tend to be more consistent than younger people because they have undertaken adult responsibilities and have established consistent identities.
88
Young men who were depressed at age 18 were more likely to have been labeled at age 7 or age 3 with all the following characteristics EXCEPT? a. unsocialized b. socially awkward c. aggressive d. undercontrolled
socially awkward
89
"self-fulfilling prophecies in the realms of psychology are referred to as
Expectancy effects
90
In psychological research, what is something that affects the relationship between two variables?
A moderator variable
91
What is climate in Rosenthal's four-factor theory of expectancy result?
the way that teachers project a warmer emotional attitude toward the students they expect to do well.
92
What is output in Rosenthal's four-factor theory of expectancy result?
the way that teachers give their high-expectation students extra opportunities to show what they have learned.
93
In studies on the amount of information needed to make accurate personality judgments, when more information was given, the level of consensus or agreement among judges in their personality judgment__________ across time. However, the level of accuracy__________. a. did not change; decreased b. stayed the same; did not change c. did not change; increased d. changed; did not change
c. did not change; increased
94
Recent studies have shown that expectation effects are stronger when more than one important person in someone's life holds the expectation for a __________ time; however, it seems that this appears to be especially true for __________ expectations. a. short time; negative b. long time; negative c. short time; positive d. long time; positive
b. long time; negative
95
Research finds that by looking at someone's face, what can we detect?
we detect with some accuracy the difference between extremes of certain personality traits such as extraversion and agreeableness.
96
What is the proper sequence of RAM?
- Relevance - Availability - Detection - Utilization
97
What is input in Rosenthal's four-factor theory of expectancy result?
The way teachers teach more material and harder material
98
What is feedback in Rosenthal's four-factor theory of expectancy result?
The way teachers give differentiated responses depending on the correctness of the response

CU: Psych of Personality (8 decks)

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