Chapter 5: Judgement

Question 1

What are the Opportunity consequences of personality judgement?

Answer 1

Personality judgment affects the opportunities one receives: employment / relationships

Question 2

What are the expectancy consequences of personality judgement?

Answer 2

(self-fulfilling prophecy)
judgement of personality (ie intelligence or friendliness) affects how they are treated which affects how they respond
- likely to be correct
- especially strong when held by more than one important person for a long period of time

Question 3

What are the aspects of the accuracy of judgement of personality?

Answer 3

Constructionist: accuracy is unknowable - all social construct

Critical realism: all information that might be helpful

• criteria, first impressions, moderators, realistic accuracy model (RAM)

Question 4

What are the criteria of accuracy?

Answer 4

• Same as assessing validity of a test
• Convergent validation:
  – the duck test
  – underjudging agreement
  (if many people agree or one person matches with behavior then probably accurate)
  – behavioral prediction & predictive validity (valid prediction?)

Question 5

What are the first impressions aspect of accuracy?

Answer 5

• Mostly automatic
• Some validity: studies show that someone’s face can reveal aspects of their personality and so can the person’s preferences and behaviors
  – Extraversion (dress/fashion), conscientiousness (bedroom neatness), openness to experience (variety of reading)
  – Dominant vs submissive & Sexuality
  – Agreeableness

Question 6

What are the moderators of accuracy?

Answer 6

The things that affect judgements
- Good Judge:
- Good target:
- Good trait:
- Good information:

Question 7

What is the RAM?

Answer 7

Realistic accuracy model (increase accuracy)
1) relevance, availability, detection, utilization (of information)
2) Moderators of accuracy
3) Thinking better

• Accuracy goes in both directions (target/judge)
• Accuracy is difficult because moderators happen at all four levels

Question 8

Consistency In the Elderly

Answer 8

Psychological adjustment as well as age, maturity & general mental health. Less neurotic more controlled & positive

Question 9

What is the good judge?

Answer 9

• Depends on context (where you have been with the person)
• Males: Extroverts, well-adjusted, no fear of man
• Females: Openness, value independence,
• High in communication, judge favorably, agreeable, adjusted, open, positive, socially skilled

(people focused on relationship were better judgers and those who aimed to be accurate)

Question 10

What is the good target?

Answer 10

Consistent, psychologically healthy, stable, extraverted (let you see who they are), agreeable
(Is what you see what you get)

Question 11

What is the good trait?

Answer 11

• not based on social construct, agreement is not based on communication
• behaviors are easier to rate than beliefs
• some are much harder to observe
  (Open traits easier to recognize: studies show judgement is by observation not reputation)

Question 12

What is good information?

Answer 12

• Amount and acquaintanceship and boundary
• self-other agreement: consensus is consistent
• Quality: weak verses strong (stressful/emotionally arousing) situation
• Best situation bring out trait you want to judge
• Thoughts and feelings vs daily activities
• Unstructured vs structured x= strong vs weak
  (unstructured strong ie kings island)

(More is better but quality is also important: thoughts/feelings or situations where people don’t have a typical behavior)