Midterm: Environmental Geology Cont.1

Question 1

This refers to the amount of biologically productive land/sea area needed to support the lifestyle of human beings

Answer 1

Ecological Footprint

Question 2

Based on the standards set by PHIVOLCS, permanent structures must be at least _ meters awat from a known lineament/active fault.

Answer 2

5 meters

Question 3

Between what geologic era was the Chicxulub Impact Crater in Yucatan Peninsula , Mexico formed?

Answer 3

Mesozoic to Cenozoic

Question 4

these are pentagonal/hexagonal volcanic features that are formed through rapid cooling of lava (usually mafic in composition) and subsequent formation of shrinkage cracks.

Answer 4

Columnar Joints

Question 5

average thickness of oceanic crust

Answer 5

5-7 km

Question 6

it is a process involving dislodgement and subsequent incorporation of country rock to the upwelling magma

Answer 6

stoping

Question 7

what feature is formed when incorporated country rocks survive melthing in the upwelling magma?

Answer 7

xenolith

Question 8

these are low angle faults (<30 degrees) characterized by upward movement of the hanging wall relative to the footwall.

Answer 8

thrust faults?

Question 9

An alert level _ is issued by Phivolcs if there is low to moderate seismic activity. Volcanic unrest is probably magmatic in origin and could eventually lead to eruption.

Answer 9

Level 2

Question 10

palm structures (positive flower structures) are formed through what mechanism?

Answer 10

transpression

Question 11

it is the point in the orbit of the moon or a satellite at which it is furthest from the Earth

Answer 11

Apogee

Question 12

alternate term for left-lateral strike-slip faults

Answer 12

sinistral fault

Question 13

the Philippine Fault Zone accommodates the stress created by the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Philippone Mobile Belt. It has an average length of_ and is classified as a _.

Answer 13

1200 km ; left lateral fault

Question 14

what specific volcanic hazard is responsible for the casualties of the 79 AD Mt. Vesuvius eruption in Pompeii, Italy

Answer 14

Pyroclastic Flow

Question 15

these are volcanic conduits that manly expel carbon dioxide into the Earth’s atmosphere

Answer 15

mofette

Question 16

a lava flow that exhibits rough and splintery texture

Answer 16

aa lava flow

Question 17

what volcano erupted in 1815 and resulted a maximum of 3 degrees Celsius drop in temperature. this particular event was also dubbed as “the year without summer”

Answer 17

Mount Tambora

Question 18

it is a specific type of stony meteorite containing 75-90% silicon based minerals, 10-25% nickel-iron alloy, and trace amounts of iron sulfide. it contains nearly spherical silicate-rich particles

Answer 18

chondrite

Question 19

this refers to the paper record of the Earth’s vibration. particularly, it is the medium where the arrival of seismic waves are plotted

Answer 19

seismogram

Question 20

these are relatively stable, and broad interior parts of ancient contintents that are composed of crystalline basement rocks

Answer 20

Craton

Question 21

Magnitudee 1 earthquakes release _ times less energy compared to magnitude 4 earthquakes

Answer 21

82,000 (?)

Question 22

identify the (1) class of the earthquake based on the given magnitude and (2) classification based on the depth to focus, respsectively: Magnitude=6.5 ; Depth= 77 km below ground level

Answer 22

Strong

Question 23

These are low angle reverse fault

Answer 23

thrust fault

Question 24

the point directly below the epicenter is called as

Answer 24

hypocenter

Question 25

it is the process involving movement of magma towards the Earth’s surface

Answer 25

volcanism

Question 26

it is a property of an earth material to go back to its original shape once the stress is removed. however, earth materials have specific thresholds for this property.

Answer 26

elastic

Question 27

average density of the earth is

Answer 27

5513 kg/m^3

mean density (NASA)

Question 28

the climatic conditions in the Philippines favor relatively fast weathering and erosion rates of landforms. technically, climate as defined by PAGASA is the average weather condition for _ years

Answer 28

30 years

Question 29

these are seismic waves that move the ground from side to side in a horizontal plane, but at right angles to the direction of propagation.

Answer 29

love waves (surface waves)

Question 30

a term referring to a collection or network of components that interact and affect one another.

Answer 30

system

Question 31

This had been the long-accepted theory since 15 AD which explains the relative position of celestial bodies in the solar system i.e., Sun is located at the core of the solar system

Answer 31

Heliocentric Model

Question 32

True or False.

Volcanic activity may be correlated to the electrial resistivity of subsurface materials. Particularly, continued upwelling of magma causes fracturing of overlying rocksm thereby causing electrical resistivity of near surface rocks to decrease relative to its normal value.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

True or False.

The minimum permanent danger zone of active volcanoes in the Philippines, as set by PHIVOLCS, is 3 kilometers

Answer 33

False ; 6km

Question 34

True or False

The Earth has* seven major tectonic plates*

Answer 34

True

Question 35

true or false

Passive contintental margins are also called Antarctic type margin as they possess relief features such as contintental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise, all are formed away from subduction zones

Answer 35

False ; Atlantic

Question 36

true or false

If a star is massive, during the end of its life, it explodes and forms a neutron star where light nor matter cannot escape

Answer 36

False ; black hole

Question 37

true or false

the principal/maximum stress acting along the Philippine Fault Zone is oriented vertical downward relative to the two shearing fault blocks.

Answer 37

False ; horizontaly perpendicular

Question 38

true or false

This marks the seismic anomaly existing between the lower crust and upper mantle

Answer 38

Mohorovicic Discontinuity

Question 39

usually formed due to oceanic-oceanic convergence

Answer 39

volcanic island arc

Question 40

generally occur when contintents or island arcs crash into one other, but tend to resist subduction

Answer 40

collision

Question 41

true or false

ground shaking and magnitude are directly correlated

Answer 41

True

Question 42

true or false

joints and faults are generally considered as fractures

Answer 42

true

Question 43

true or false

The Mount Apo is classified as a dormant/potentially active volcano based on PHIVOLCS classification

Answer 43

false ; potentially active

Question 44

this will occur if the natural vibration frequency or period of a manmade structure matches that of an earthquake

Answer 44

Resonance

Question 45

PHIVOLCS Earthquake ranges from? with the last scale classified as completely devastating

Answer 45

I - X