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Physiology > Midterm Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Midterm Chapter 26 Flashcards

1
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Chromosomes other than sex chromosomes.

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2
Q

Female chromosomes.

A

XX

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3
Q

Male chromosomes.

A

XY

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4
Q

Sex chromosomes/sperm or ova/germ cells

A

X or Y

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5
Q

inactivated X chromosome.

A

Barr body

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6
Q

Fertilized egg.

A

XX or XY

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7
Q

The Y chromosome contains a region for male sex determination that is know as what gene?

A

SRY gene

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8
Q

List the functions of the gonads. How do the products of gonadal function differ in males and females?

A

Gonads produce gametes and secrete sex hormones
Female gametes - egg (ovaum) secrete estrogen, progesterone, androgens, and inhibin
Male gametes - sperm secretes androgen and inhibin

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9
Q

What are inhibins?

A

hormones that inhibit FSH secretion.

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10
Q

What are activins?

A

peptide hormones that stimulate FSH secretion

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11
Q

Define aromatase.

A

An enzyme in the testes and ovaries that convert androgens to estrogens.

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12
Q

Define blood-testis barrier.

A

tight junctions that prevent free movement of substances between blood and seminiferous tubule lumen.

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13
Q

Define Androgen-binding protein

A

Sertoli cell protein secreted into seminiferous tubule lumen, where it binds and concentrates androgens.

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14
Q

Define first polar body

A

formed by the first meiotic division of primary oocyte; disintergrates and has no function

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15
Q

Define acrosome

A

lysosome-like structure in the head of sperm; contains enzymes essential for fertilization.

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16
Q

Trace the anatomical routes to the external environment followed by a newly formed sperm and by an ovulated egg. name all structures the gametes pass through on their journey.

A

Newly formed sperm: seminiferous tubule -> epididymis -> ductus (vas) deferens -> ejaculatory duct (passing the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands) -> urethra.
Ovulated egg: fallopian tube -> uterine cavity -> cervix -> vagina

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17
Q

All testosterone is produced in the testes. T/F

A

False - some are produced in the adrenal glands of both sexes

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18
Q

Only males make androgens and only females make estrogens. T/F

A

False - both sexes produce both hormones

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19
Q

Anabolic steroid use appears to be addictive, and withdrawal symptoms include psychological disturbances. T/F

A

True

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20
Q

High levels of estrogen in the late follicular phase help prepare the uterus for menstruation. T/F

A

False - high levels of late follicular estrogen help prepare the uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum.

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21
Q

Progesterone is the dominant hormone of the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. T/F

A

True

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22
Q

What is semen? What are its main components, and where are they produced?

A 
A sperm-fluid mixture made mostly by the accessory glands
Components and source: 
Sperm - seminiferous tubules
Mucus - Bulbourethral glands
Water - all accessory glands
Buffers - prostate, bulbourethral glands
Nutrients - seminal vesicles, prostate, epididymis
enzymes - seminal vesicles and prostate
zinc - unknown
Prostaglandins - seminal vesicles
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23
Q

Why are X-linked traits exhibited more frequently by males than females?

A

Males have a Y chromosome, which often does not have a gene to match one found on the X chromosome. Thus, a male may inherit a recessive X trait and will exhibit it, while a female who inherits the same recessive trait will not exhibit it if her second X chromosome has the dominant gene for the trait.

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24
Q

What does GnRH stand for?

A

Gonadotropin Releasing hormone

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25
Q

What does hCG stand for?

A

human chorionic Gonadotropine

26
Q

What does SRY stand for?

A

sex determining region on the Y

27
Q

Mullerian ducts

A

Female accessory ducts in the bipotential internal genitalia

28
Q

Wolffian ducts

A

Male accessory ducts in the bipotential internal genitalia

29
Q

AMH

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone causes mullerian ducts to regress

30
Q

DHT

A

dihydrotestosterone - one of the dominant steroid hormones in males (along with testosterone) responsible for the developement of male external genetalia

31
Q

Gamete

A

the eggs and sperm that unite to form new individuals

32
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

33
Q

germ cell

A

undifferentiated gonadal cells destined to produce eggs and sperm

34
Q

embryo

A

weeks 0-8 of development

35
Q

fetus

A

weeks 8 until birth

36
Q

capacitation

A

sperm maturation necessary before it can fertilize an egg

37
Q

zona pellucida

A

protective glycoprotein coat around the ovum

38
Q

acrosomal reaction

A

enzymes help sperm penetrate the zona pellucida

39
Q

cortical reaction

A

Chemical reaction that excludes sperm that causes the cortical granules in egg cytoplasm release their contents at fertilization to change the egg membrane properties.

40
Q

menarche

A

the onset of puberty in girls

41
Q

What happens during menopause?

A

women’s reproductive cycles stop completely

42
Q

what happens in andropause?

A

men’s counterpart to menopause - testosterone production decreases

43
Q

What is 5 alpha reductase?

A

the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to DHT.

44
Q

What is the role of Human chorionic gonadotropine (hCG) during pregnancy?

A

keeps the corpus luteum from dying

45
Q

what is the role of LH during pregnancy ?

A

no direct role in pregnancy

46
Q

What is the role of human placental lactogen (HPL) during pregnancy?

A

regulation of maternal metabolism during pregnancy

47
Q

What is the role of estrogen during pregnancy?

A

breast development; negative feedback signal to prevent new follicles from developing

48
Q

What is the role of progesterone during pregnancy?

A

maintenance of the uterine lining; prevents uterine contractions; mammary gland development

49
Q

What is the role of relaxin during pregnancy?

A

prevents uterine contractions

50
Q

What is the role of prolactin during pregnancy?

A

milk production

51
Q

Compare the actions of FSH in males and females.

A

stimulates gamete production on both sexes

52
Q

Compare the actions of inhibin in males and females.

A

inhibits FSH secretion

53
Q

Compare the actions of activin in males and females.

A

stimulates FSH secretion

54
Q

Compare the actions of GnRH in males and females.

A

stimulates the release of FSH and LH

55
Q

Compare the actions of LH in males and females.

A

stimulates gonadal sex hormone production;

also necessary for gamete maturation in females

56
Q

Compare the actions of DHT in males and females.

A

testosterone metabolite responsible for fetal development of male genitalia

57
Q

Compare the actions of estrogen in males and females.

A

present in both sexes but dominant in females; female gamete formation and some secondary characteristics

58
Q

Compare the actions of testosterone in males and females.

A

Males: gamete formation

Both sexes: some secondary sex traits such as hair growth

59
Q

Compare the actions of progesterone in males and females.

A

Females only - helps prepare the uterus for pregnancy

60
Q

What is in control of reproduction?

A

The Hypothalamus

61
Q

What are the strange patterns of estrogen that are not understood?

A

Very low estrogen = no negative feedback effect
Med estrogen = classic inhibition
High estrogen = can initiate positive feedback (such as: LH Surge -> ovulation)

62
Q

Why does the corpus luteum degrade into a corpus albicans during luteal phase?

A

loss of hormonal support

Physiology (25 decks)

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