Lab Final Exam Unit 3

Question 1

EKG (or ECG). What does it stand for? What does it measure?

Answer 1

Electrocardiography

it records the electrical activity of the heart

Question 2

Identify major deflections waves. Describe what is being detected for each deflection wave.

Answer 2

P-wave depolarization of the atria
QRS complex-depolarization of the ventricles (followed by ventricular systole) and repolarization of atria
T-wave - ventricular repolarization

Question 3

explain the specific differences in the ECG with exercise. Which interval and which segment changed the most with exercise? what do these changes tell you?

Answer 3

Intervals and segments were shorter with exercise.
R-R interval (shorter cardiac cycles) and T-P segment (atria and ventricles in diastole) changed the most.
With exercise the heart spends less time in diastole so doesn’t get to rest as long.

Question 4

What are the chambers, valves, and vessels on the right side of the heart?

Answer 4

Superior and Inferior vena cava flow into the right atrium.
The right AV valve (tricuspid valve) flows to the right ventricle.
the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary semilunar valve flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary circuit.

Question 5

What are the chambers, valves, and vessels on the left side of the heart?

Answer 5

The four pulmonary veins flow into the left atrium.
The left AV valve (bicuspid valve) flows to the left ventricle.
The Ascending aorta and the aortic semilunar valve flow from the left ventricle to the systemic circuit.

Question 6

What are the components of the electrical conducting system?

Answer 6

1. SA Node (sino atrial node) - receives impulse
2. AV Node (atrioventricular node) - in right atrium
3. Av Bundle of His - leads from the AV node to the right ventricle
4. Right and left branches of bundles of His
5. Purkinje fibers

Question 7

What are the effects of epinephrine on a frog heart?

Answer 7

increase HR, increase contractility

Question 8

What are the effects of ACH on a frog heart?

Answer 8

decrease HR, decrease contractility

Question 9

What are the effects of atropine on a frog heart?

Answer 9

increase HR, increase contractility

Question 10

What are the effects of caffeine on a frog heart?

Answer 10

increase HR, increase contractility

Question 11

What are the effects of pilocarpine on a frog heart?

Answer 11

decrease HR, decrease contractility

Question 12

What kind of receptor does epinephrine bind to?

Answer 12

beta 1 adrenergic receptor

Question 13

What kind of receptor does ACh bind to?

Answer 13

muscarinic receptor

Question 14

What are the 5 stages of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 14

1. atrial and ventrical diasotle - aortic valve closed, left AV valve open, passive filling
2. atrial systole
3. isovolumetric contraction - rising ventricular pressure closes AV valves; all 4 valves closed, no filling or ejection
4. ventricular ejection - ventricular pressure higher than aortic pushing the aortic valve open and ventricle ejects about 70 mL = 1 stroke volume
5. isovolumetric relaxation - ventricle relaxes and pressure drops. when ventricular pressure is lower than aortic then the aortic valve closes - all 4 valves closes

Question 15

What is the difference between the right and left side of heart?

Answer 15

right ventricle generates lower pressure

LV = 120 mmHg, RV = 25 mmHg

Question 16

The first heart sound is the sound of what happening in the heart? What deflection wave on the ECG is associated with the first heart sound?

Answer 16

“lub” is the sound of AV valves closing
The sound happens immediately after the R in the QRS wave - as the ventricles contract the intraventricular pressure rises causing the AV valves to snap shut.

Question 17

The second heart sound is the sound of what happening in the heart? What deflection wave on the ECG is associated with the second heart sound?

Answer 17

“dub” is the sound of the semilunar valves closing.
the sound happens as the T wave begins - as pressure in the ventricle drops and aortic pressure rises it causes the semilunar valves to close.

Question 18

Name the device used to measure blood pressure non-invasively. Name the sounds heard when using the auscultatory method.

Answer 18

Sphygmomanometer

Korotkoff sounds

Question 19

On an ECG, identify when each phase of the cardiac cycle would begin and end.

Answer 19

P wave.

Question 20

What is the formula to calculate pulse pressure?

Answer 20

Pulse pressure = systolic pressure - diastolic pressure (in mmHg)

Question 21

What is the formula to calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Answer 21

MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

Question 22

Define full hypertension. List the health consequences of having chronic hypertension.

Answer 22

systolic blood pressure of 160 mmHg or higher OR diastolic blood pressure of 100 mmHg or greater.
Consequences: stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, arterial aneurysm, renal failure ….. all can result in death.

Question 23

What are the 3 layers of artery walls and what do they consist of?

Answer 23

1. Tunica intima - endothelium of simple squamous epithelium; internal elastic lamina
2. Tunica media - smooth muscle; sheets of elastic tissue
3. Tunic externa - loose connective tissue

Question 24

What are the 3 layers of vein walls and what do they consist of?

Answer 24

1. Tunica intima - endothelium of simple squamous epithelium
2. Tunica media - smooth muscle
3. Tunic externa - loose connective tissue

Question 25

What is 1 stroke volume?

Answer 25

the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle during one systole - 70 mL

Question 26

definition of cardiac output

Answer 26

the total amount of blood moved through one ventricle in one minute - 5L

Question 27

What are the two types of leucocytes?

Answer 27

granulocytes | agranulocytes

Question 28

What are the three types of granulocytes? provide description of each.

Answer 28

1. neutrophils - contains very small pink and blue staining granules, several connected nuclei "weird sausages" 2. eosinophils - large red granules, usually 2-lobed nucleus 3. basophils - large blue granules covering entire surface, 2 lobes bent or in U or S shape.

Question 29

What are the two types of agranulocytes? Provide description of each?

Answer 29

1. lymphocytes - cell is relatively small with large single nucleus. 2. monocytes - large cell, kidney shaped nucleus

Question 30

What is the function of a neutrophil?

Answer 30

phagocytize bacteria

Question 31

What is the function of a eosinophil?

Answer 31

releases granules that inhibit parasitic worms and inactivates some inflammatory chemicals

Question 32

What is the function of a basophil?

Answer 32

releases histamine which causes inflammation in tissue

Question 33

What is the function of a lymphocyte? What are the two types?

Answer 33

General function - specific immunity; require exposure and "learning" 1. T lymphocytes - "learn" to recognize a specific protein and bind to the cell possessing it. Inserts chemicals that activate a "self destruction" pathway inside the cell, or form a "pore" in the membrane that kills the cell. 2. B lymphocytes - Antibodies bind to specific proteins on the surface of pathogens and target them for destruction by macrophages.

Question 34

What is the function of a monocyte?

Answer 34

move around and phagocytize baceria and dead blood cells.

Question 35

Define hematocrit and state the normal values for men and women.

Answer 35

volume of blood made of RBC's expressed as a % of blood volume. Adult males: 42% - 54% Adult females: 38% - 46%

Question 36

Define anemia

Answer 36

condition of having too few red blood cells

Question 37

define polycythemia

Answer 37

condition of having too many red blood cells

Question 38

What does TV stand for? definition? typical value?

Answer 38

tidal volume - the volume of air in a normal quiet breath | ~500mL

Question 39

What does IRV stand for? definition? typical value?

Answer 39

inpiratory reserve volume - the volume of additional air that can be inspired following a tidal inspiration ~3000mL

Question 40

What does ERV stand for? definition? typical value?

Answer 40

expiratory reserve volume - the volume of additional air that can be expired following a tidal expiration ~1L

Question 41

What does RV stand for? definition?

Answer 41

Residual volume - the volume of air that remains in lungs after an ERV

Question 42

What does VC stand for? definition? typical value?

Answer 42

vital capacity - the max volume of air that can be moved | ~5L

Question 43

What does TLC stand for? definition? typical value?

Answer 43

total lung capacity - the max volume of air that can be in the lungs ~6L

Question 44

How can you calculate VC?

Answer 44

VC = IRV + TV + ERV

Question 45

What does FEV1 stand for? definition? typical value?

Answer 45

forced expiratory volume - percent of vital capacity expired in first second of forced expiration (75% or better)

Question 46

Define Obstructive disorders and give examples.

Answer 46

low FEV1 value | asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema

Question 47

Define Restrictive disorders and give an example.

Answer 47

low VC value | pulmonary fibrosis

Question 48

Define pneumothorax and atelectasis.

Answer 48

While pneumothorax may be referred to as a collapsed lung, people sometimes use the term 'collapsed lung' to refer to atelectasis. Atelectasis refers to improper amounts of air in the alveoli (air sacs), resulting in a loss of volume in all or part of the lung. This loss of air in the alveoli can be due to obstruction.

Question 49

What is the normal range of arterial blood pH?

Answer 49

7.35-7.45

Question 50

define acidosis.

Answer 50

the condition where arterial blood pH is below normal.

Question 51

define alkalosis.

Answer 51

the condition where arterial blood pH is above normal.

Question 52

The condition where arterial blood pH is below normal due to accumulation of CO2 is called what? Give an example of a situation.

Answer 52

respiratory acidosis - lungs can't remove enough CO2. | asthma, COPD, pneumonia, some drugs

Question 53

The condition where arterial blood pH is above normal due to decrease of CO2 is called what? Give an example of a situation.

Answer 53

respiratory alkolosis - CO2 levels drop too low | hyperventilation

Question 54

The condition where arterial blood pH is below normal due another reason besides the accumulation of CO2 is called what? Give an example of a situation.

Answer 54

metabolic acidosis | production of excess metabolic acids such as lactic acid or ketone bodies; liver failure

Question 55

The condition where arterial blood pH is above normal due another reason besides the decrease of CO2 is called what? Give an example of a situation.

Answer 55

metabolic alkalosis | excessive vomiting, excessive base intake such as antacids

Question 56

How does the respiratory system compensate for acidosis?

Answer 56

get rid of [H+]! | increase ventilation depth and/or rate

Question 57

How does the respiratory system compensate for alkalosis?

Answer 57

get rid of HCO-3! | decrease ventilation depth

Question 58

How does the renal system compensate for acidosis?

Answer 58

get rid of [H+]! | secretion of H+ from blood into filtrate; reabsorption of HCO-3

Question 59

How does the renal system compensate for alkalosis?

Answer 59

get rid of HCO-3! | less HCO-3 is reabosrbed (retain H+ and excrete bicarbonate)

Question 60

what is the bainbridge reflex? what is the receptor?

Answer 60

The Bainbridge reflex (atrial reflex) occurs when the heart increases in response to an increase in atrial pressure. atrial receptor at the SA node