Midterm Chapter 1-3 Flashcards
What is the definition of food?
Any substance, which is intended for human consumption, but does not include cosmetics or tobacco, substances used only as drugs.
What is food loss?
When food is lost in the supply chain
What is food waste?
Discarding food
What is the rising use of corn?
Biofuels
What is the definition of health?
The complete physical mental and social well being
What is the leading cause of death?
Heart Disease
What are the biggest contributors to cancer?
Smoking, alcohol, and high BMI
What is BMI?
A person’s weight in kg divided by the square height in meters.
75% of our health care dollars go to treat _______.
Chronic diseases
What does NPS stand for?
National prevention strategy
What does NPS aim to guide our nation in?
the most effective and achievable means for improving health and well-being.
What are two things that can be done to promote healthy eating?
Improve nutritional quality and enhance food safety
What is quality?
The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics of an object fulfills requirements.
What is the definition of food safety?
Ensure that food will not cause harm to the consumer when it is prepared and eaten according to its intended use.
A moldy apple is an example of
Food safety
Moisture migration of an apple is an example of
Food quality
True or False. Food safety is a part of food quality.
True
What is the purpose of food fraud?
Economic gain
Who is responsible for food safety and quality?
Food industry sectors, consumers, and government
How do you define equilibrium states?
A reversible path in which all connecting intermediate states are equilibrium states
The critical point is where vapor and liquid are ______________.
Indistinguishable
Triple point is where ice, water, and vapor coexist in ____________________.
Thermodynamic equilibrium
Critical pressure
4.58 mm Hg
What is the water activity of fruits, veggies, meat, fish and milk?
0.95
Wet basis
x grams of water/100 g of food
Dry basis
x grams of water/100 g solids
Ross equation
A reasonable estimation for multicomponent solutions over the intermediate and high water activity ranges.
What does storage stability measure?
It measures how long food products retain optimal quality after production
What are protein hydrolysates?
the mixture of polypeptides, oligopeptides, and amino acids that are produced from various animal and plant protein sources using hydrolysis or fermentation.
What are the major functions of protein hydrolysates in foods?
In vitro food quality and In vivo nutritional quality
When the water activity is higher than 0.6, the higher the degree of hydrolysis, the greater the ___________ in the protein hydrolysates such as whey, egg white, mussel, and fish.
water holding capacity
True or False. Global protein hydrolysates market increased ~74% between 2016 and 2023.
True
What are the sources of high-concentrate proteins?
Whey and Milk
Hydrolysates segment split contain what?
Hypoallergenic infant, clinical Nutrition, and bodybuilding
What is a major hardening problem of commercial HPNB?
Bar hardening
True or False. No single causative mechanism should be responsible for bar hardening.
True
What are four possible mechanisms?
Moisture migration, phase separation, disulfide-induced protein aggregation, Maillard-induced protein polymerization
What is a protein aggregate?
Any self-associated state of a protein that is effectively irreversible under the conditions it forms and often but not always, is also a state in which the biological activity of the consistent proteins is compromised.
How can you classify protein aggregates?
Soluble, insoluble, native proteins, unfolded proteins, hydrolyzed proteins
A general term that is used to describe a complex sequence of chemical changes that result from the interactions of lipids with oxygen.
Lipid Oxidation
The formation of free radicals
intiation
What is a free radical?
molecules or atoms that have unpaired electrons
The free radical chain reactions
Propagation
The formation of non-radical products
Termination
The overall mechanism of lipid oxidation consists of ________ phases.
Three
A chemical reaction between reducing sugars and a primary amino group.
Non-enzymatic browning
What is an example of non-enzymatic browning reaction?
Maillard browning reaction
What is a reducing sugar?
Any sugar that contains a free carbonyl group
True or False. All monosaccharides are reducing sugars.
True
What are two disaccharides that are reducing sugars?
Lactose and maltose
What is not a reducing sugar?
Sucrose
What are the 3 stages of the Maillard reaction scheme?
Initial, intermediate, and final
What interactions affect food stability?
Hydrophobic and disulfide interactions
What is the only covalent side chain cross-link found in proteins?
Disulfide
What effect does moisture content have on protein denaturation?
The higher the moisture content the lower the denaturation temperature
Who said “Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food”?
Hippocrates
Food-based solutions to health and wellness would…..
Create a healthier citizenry
Reduce the incidence of chronic diseases
Decrease medical costs
Improve the quality of life
Create a healthier
Citizenry
Reduce the incidence of
chronic disease
decrease the medical
costs
improve the ________ of life
quality
What is a functional food?
Food and food components that provide a health benefit beyond basic nutrition.
What is foodborne illness?
An illness transmitted to humans by food
What is food safety?
Assurance that food will not cause harm to the consumer when it is prepared and/or eaten according to its intended use.
Assurance is determined by what two practices?
GHPs/GMPs and HACCP
A biological, chemical, or physical agent in, or condition of, food with the potential to cause an adverse health effect.
Hazard
Examples of biological foodborne hazards.
Bacteria, mold, viruses, parasites and prions
What are examples of chemical foodborne hazards?
Plant toxins, animal toxins, agricultural and industrial chemicals
What is food fraud?
Tampering or misrepresentation of food for economic gain
What is a food contaminant?
Contaminants are substances that has not been intentionally added to food
What are 3 origins of foodborne hazards?
Naturally occurring substances
Deterioration or decomposition of food
Contamination of the foods
True or False. We know very little about food safety in history.
True
What food supply is probably the safest in the world?
U.S.
What is an outbreak?
Two or more cases of similar illness resulting from the ingestion of a common food
A chemical hazard to the food supply may occur when _______ or _____ of specific chemicals reach toxic levels.
levels or dosages
What are hazards produced during food processing, storage, and preparation?
Food additives and Chemical residues
An additive that is intentionally added for a specific purpose.
Direct additive
An additive that is exposed during processing, packaging, or storing.
indirect additive
Excess sodium has been implicated in the direct development of __________________.
hypertension
What does LD mean?
Lethal Dose
What is the daily recommended intake of sodium?
less than 2,300 milligrams
What is the purpose of syn-propanethial-S-oxide?
Chemical triggers the tears
What are critical effects of AA?
Potent human neurotoxin
Probable human carcinogen
Reproductive disruption in experimental animals
AA is formed in the ____________ of biological matter.
Heating
In November 2019, CDC has identified ____________ as a chemical of concern among people with cigarette or vaping, product use associated lung injury.
Vitamin E acetate
What is a cooking carcinogen?
Acrylamide
What foods contain AA?
French fries
cereal
coffee
What two compounds form AA?
Asparagine and glucose
What mechanism is part of AA formation?
Maillard Reaction
What enzyme reduced acrylamide in cooked potato products?
Asparaginase
What is cold-induced sweetening?
The accumulation of reducing sugars in potato tubers at low storage temps
Invertase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ___________.
sucrose
What are characteristics of GMO potatos?
Produce 90% less acrylamide
Lower reducing sugars
Resistance to late blight disease
Only 3% of what are multi-state?
Outbreaks
What is the top foodborne illness?
Norovirus
What is the top foodborne hospitalization in the U.S?
Nontyphoidal Salmonella
What is the top foodborne death in the US?
Nontyphoidal Salmonella
What are the 3 branches of food microbiology?
Beneficial, spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms
What is the purpose of beneficial Microorganisms?
Food fermentation
One-celled microorganisms in air, soil, water, and/or organic matter.
Bacteria
Bacteria that does not retain crystal violet dye in the gram staining protocol.
Gram negative
Bacteria that will retain the crystal violet dye when washed in a decolorizing solution.
Gram positive
What is D value?
The time required at a certain temp to reduce the population by 90%
What is food infection?
Illness resulting from ingestion of food containing large numbers if living bacteria or other Microorganisms.
What is food intoxication?
An illness resulting from ingestion of food containing a toxin
What is a toxin-mediated infection?
An illness that occurs when bacteria enter the intestinal tract and then start to produce the toxin in the intestine
What bacterias cause food infections via colonization in the intestinal tract?
Salmonella and Listeria
One of the most common causes of illnesses traced to contaminated foods and water.
Salmonella
Where can you find salmonella?
Raw meat, poultry, eggs, milk, and dairy products.
True or False. Salmonella is gram negative.
True
Does Salmonella form spores?
No
What can grow in sodium chloride concentrations as high as 4%?
Salmonella
For salmonella when do symptoms develop?
12-14 hours
Does Salmonella experience stress in the host??
Yes
________ in the stomach
low pH
The ______ antimicrobial effect of bile.
Strong
Normal gut flora and ____________.
metabolites
Intestinal peristalsis and cationic ____________ peptides present on the surface of epithelial cells.
antimicrobial
What is involved in nutrient biosynthesis/uptake, stress response and repair of cell damage?
Housekeeping genes
What is specific for salmonella encodes adaptations to overcome host defense mechanisms?
True virulence genes
What mediates the expression of both groups of virulence genes?
Regulatory genes
What is the pathogenesis of salmonellosis?
Intestinal epithelium, spread via systemic circulation, and induce acute inflammatory response
What outbreak examples was given for salmonella?
(PCA) Peanut corporation of America
Listeria is gram ________.
positive
Can listeria survive cold temperatures?
Yes
True or False. Listeria is motile.
True
What is the pathogenesis of listeriosis?
Transported by lymph nodes to liver, released in the cytosol, spread without leaving the intracellular environment
What is an example of a food intoxication?
Clostridium
What is the most common cause of clostridium?
Improper home canned food
What bacteria is anaerobic?
Clostridium
True or false. Clostridium is very heat resistant.
True
What produces botulinum nerotoxins?
Clostridium
What bacteria is heat labile?
Clostridium
What is the pathogenesis of botulism?
Neurotoxin is synthesized during cellular growth, transported via bloodstream to neuromuscular junctions, block synapses to muscle fibers
What was the first biological toxin used for good purposes(treatment of human disease)?
Botulinum
Clostridium perfringens, campylobacter jejuni and vibrio are examples of….
Toxin mediated infections
Where can you find clostridium perfringens?
Meats
What bacteria is anaerobic but aerotolerant?
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium perfringens forms spore-forming rods that are heat resistant. True or False.
True
What produced CPE?
Clostridium perfringens
What is a type A enterotoxin?
Clostridium perfringens
What has an infection of about 10^7-10^9 cells?
Clostridium perfringens
What are the principle vehicles for Campylobacter jejuni?
Poultry and unpasteurized milk
What can be carried by healthy cattle, flies on farms, and non chlorinated water?
Campylobacter jejuni
Is Campylobacter jejuni gram negative and motile?
Yes
What is the leading cause of bacterial diarrhea?
campylobacteriosis
What involves mucus colonization of the small intestinal surface and subsequent enterotoxin leading to diarrhea?
campylobacteriosis
What is an organization that live on or within another organism at the host’s expense without any useful return?
Parasite
What is a single celled microscopic organism that can perform all necessary functions of metabolism and reproduction?
Protozoa
Foodborne parasites require a _____ to complete their life cycle.
host
What is a large multicellular organism that is generally visible to the naked eye in its adult stages?
Helminth
Members of the cat family are definitive hosts of?
Toxoplasma gondii
What are the infection routes of Toxoplasma gondii?
fecal-oral routes and transplacental transmission
What is something most infected people are not aware of?
Toxoplasmosis
What can be reactivated?
Toxoplasma infection
Who is most likely develop severe toxoplasmosis?
infants and a person with a severely weakened immune system
What study is related to cat poop?
Can cat poop cause mental illness?
How do we define equilibrium states?
A reversible path is one which all connecting intermediate states are equilibrium states
Critical point is where vapor and liquid are _______________.
Indistinguishable
What is triple point?
ice, water, and vapor coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium
