Chapter 10 Flashcards
Food allergy and food intolerance
What is a vaccine?
A preparation of dead or weakened pathogens, or of derived antigenic determinants, that is used to induce formation of antibodies or immunity against the pathogen
What is the world’s best selling drug?
Humira
What does humira stand for?
Human monoclonal antibody in rheumatoid arthritis
What binds specifically to TNF- α and blocks its interaction with the p55 and p75 cell surface TNF receptors?
A tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blocker
What is an integrated network of organs, glands, and tissues that has evolved to protect the body from foreign substances?
immune system
What is an antigen?
any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody
What is an antibody?
A protein that binds specifically to a particular substance
True or False. Some sntigens do not, by themselves, elicit antibody production
True
What are antigens that induce antibody production?
immunogens
What are terminally differentiated B lymphocytes and are the main antibody-secreting cells of the body?
plasma cells
What forces hold together the antigen:antibody complex?
noncovalent forces
What are the noncovalent forces?
Electrostatic, hydrogen bods, Van der Waals, hydrophobic and cation-pi
What is another name for antibodies?
Immunoglobulins
What are antibodies have the same overall structure called?
Immunoglobulins
Each antibody molecule has a _______ that enables it to bind specifically to its corresponding antigen.
Unique structure
different classes of immunologlobins are distinguished by the structure of their _____________.
heavy-chain constant regions
In the body which immunoglobulin has the highest concentration?
IgG
In the body which immunoglobulin has the lowest concentration?
IgE
What is a big molecule?
IgG
What immunoglobulin is responsible for allergy symptoms in immediate hypersensitivity?
IgE
What is the main form of antibodies in circulation?
IgG
What is hypersensitivity?
A state in which an individual reacts with allergic effects following exposure to a certain substance (allergen) after having been exposed previously to the same substance
What is a selective reaction of the body to substances that are foreign to it, or that the immune system identifies as foreign?
immune response
What is an allergy?
A symptomatic reaction to a normally innocuous environmental antigen
What results from the interaction between the antigen and the antibody or primed T cells produced by earlier exposure to the same antigen?
Allergy
It results from the interaction between the __________ or primed T cells produced by earlier exposure to the same antigen
antigen and the antibody
What are the most common forms of allergy?
rhinitis, urticaria, asthma and contact dermatitis
Allergens are ________ that elicit hypersensitivity or allergic reactions
antigens
Allergens in foods are ___________.
proteins
Among food allergies, _____________ are most frequent.
IgE-mediated
A non-immue-mediated reaction is an example of a ________.
food intolerance
An immune-mediated reaction is an example of a _________.
food allergy
All IgE-mediated responses involve __________.
mast-cell degranulation
Mast cells have high affinity receptors that allow them to bind ______ antibodies.
IgE
What have a crucial role in allergic reactions?
Mast cells
Mast cells are large cells found in ______________ throughout the body
connective tissues
Mast cells contain large granules that store a variety of mediator molecules including vasoactive amine _________.
Histamine
What is food allergy?
Hypersensitivity reaction to substances in the diet to which an individual has previously been sensitized
What is food intolerance?
Physiologically based reproducible, unpleasant reaction to a specific food that is not immunologically based
What are the big 9?
milk
fish
peanuts
soy
tree nuts
shellfish
wheat
eggs
sesame
Potential allergen exposure has ____________.
increased
Why has the potential allergen exposure increased?
- increased combinations of ingredients
- diversity of products in the marketplace
What is the most common allergen for kids?
milk
What is the most common allergen for adults?
shellfish
What is a rising food allergy?
sesame
What does AFR stand for?
Allergenic food residues
What is the number one cause of food recalls in the U.S.?
The presence of AFR
What is the mechanism of allergies?
The initial “sensitization” and then the “elicitation”
What do individuals do to control food allergies?
Avoid the allergen
How does the food industry control food allergens?
Dedication, separation and labeling
What is the allergen preventative plan?
allergen mapping, ingredient control, effective cleaning and training
What is an example of a non-IgE-mediated food allergy?
Celiac disease
What is an autoimmune disorder?
a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys health body tissue
What is celiac disease?
A chronic condition of the upper small intestine caused by an immune response directed at gluten.
What is the treatment of celiac disease?
Eat a gluten free diet
What is an immune reaction to eating gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye?
celiac
What is the mechanism of celiac disease?
The consumption of gluten stimulates the production of antibodies against tissue transgluatminase
Who issued the final rule on gluten-free labeling of fermented and hydrolyzed foods?
FDA
Manufacturers must now show that their foods are gluten-free before __________.
Fermentation or hydrolysis
Adverse reactions that occur in any exposed individual provided that the dose is high enough is what type of food reaction?
toxic
Adverse reactions that depend on individual susceptibility to a certain food is what type of food reaction?
non-toxic
What is caused by the inability to metabolize some substances present in food?
Dysenzymatic intolerance
What is an example of a Dysenzymatic intolerance?
lactose intolerance
Lactose malabsorption is due to a deficiency of ________.
lactase
What is an adverse reaction to foods or food additives that result from naturally derived or added chemicals that produce drug-like or pharmacologic effects in the host?
pharmacological or chemical intolerances
What are 3 involved substances of pharmacological or chemical intolerances?
histamine, caffeine and capsaicin
True or false. The safest level of drinking alcohol is none.
true
What is an example of methylxanthines?
caffeine
True or false. Large quantities of coffee and tea are known to produce clinical symptoms that mimic anxiety disorders.
true
What is another name for undefined intolerances?
Idiopathic
Who said the following quote?
“What is food to one man may be fierce poison to others.”
Lucretius
