Midterm

Question 1

a special sequence of nucleotides in dna that marks the ends of a gene, it signals rna polymerase to release the newley made rna molecule and then to depart from the gene

Answer 1

terminator

Question 2

a dense body formed from a deactivated X chromosome found in the nuclei of female mammalian cells

Answer 2

barr body

Question 3

the creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, without the particpation of sperm and egg

Answer 3

asexual reproduction

Question 4

the creation of genetically unique offspring by the fusion of two haploid sex cells(gamete), forming a diploid zygote

Answer 4

sexual reproduction

Question 5

a virus that infects bacteria

Answer 5

phage

Question 6

phage dna that has inserted by genetic recombination into the DNA of a bacterial chromosome

Answer 6

prophage

Question 7

the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template

Answer 7

transcription

Question 8

the transfer of bacterial genes from one bacterial cell to another by a phage

Answer 8

transduction

Question 9

the union of two bacterial cells or protist cells and the transfer of DNA between the two cells

Answer 9

conjugation

Question 10

the incorporation of new genes into a cell from dna that the cell takes up from the surrounding environment

Answer 10

transformation

Question 11

the process whereby gentic information flows from genes to proteins; the flow of genetic information from the genotype to the phenotype

Answer 11

gene expression

Question 12

the mating between an individual of an unknown genotype for a particular character and an individual that is homozygous recessive for that same character, can be used to determine the unknown genotype

Answer 12

testcross

Question 13

a large molecular complex that assembles DNA nucleotides using a preexisting strand of DNA as a template

Answer 13

DNA Polymerase

Question 14

a large molecular complex that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as template

Answer 14

RNA Polymerase

Question 15

one of the two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome in a eukaryotic cells, prior to mitosis they remain attached at the centromere

Answer 15

Sister chromatid

Question 16

the two chromosomes that make up a mached pair in a diploid cell, they are the same length, centormere position, and staining patternn and possess genesf for the same characteristics at corresponding loci

Answer 16

homologous chromatids

Question 17

a change in the genetic information of a cell; the ultimate source of genetic diversity, occurs in DNA or RNA

Answer 17

mutation

Question 18

the cloning of human cells by nuclear transplantation for theraputic purposes such as the generation of embryonic stem cells

Answer 18

therapeutic cloning

Question 19

using a somatic cell from a multicellular organism to make one or more genetically identical individuals

Answer 19

reproductive cloning

Question 20

a eukaryotic DNA sequence that helps stimulate the transcription of a gene at some distance from it, functiins by means of a transcription factor called an activator, which binds to it and then to the rest of the transcription apparatus

Answer 20

enhancers

Question 21

a protein that switches on a gene or group of genes

Answer 21

activators

Question 22

protein that blocks the transcription of a gene or operon

Answer 22

repressors

Question 23

the addative effects of two or more gene loci on a signle phenotypic character

Answer 23

polygenic inheritance

Question 24

inheritance pattern in which a heterozygote expresses the distinct trait of both alleles

Answer 24

codominance

Question 25

a type of inhertiance in which the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two types of homozygotes

Answer 25

incomplete dominance

Question 26

an accident of meoisis or mitosis in which a pair of homologous chromsomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to seperate at anaphase

Answer 26

nondisjunction

Question 27

an internal, noncoding region of gene that does not become part of the final messenger RNA molecule and is thereofore not expressed

Answer 27

introns

Question 28

the part of a gene that becomes part of the final messenger RNA and is therefore expressed

Answer 28

exons

Question 29

a type of regulation at the RNA processing level in which multiple mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and as intorns

Answer 29

alternate rna splicing

Question 30

having to diffferent alleles for a given gene

Answer 30

heterozygous

Question 31

having two identical alleles for a given gene

Answer 31

homozygous

Question 32

allele that determines the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene

Answer 32

dominant

Question 33

an allele that has no noticable affect on the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene

Answer 33

recessive

Question 34

the spread of cancer cells beyong their original site

Answer 34

metasize

Question 35

a 3 nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or polypeptide termination signal , the basic unit of the gentic code

Answer 35

codon

Question 36

an RNA virus that reproduces by means of a DNA molecule , it reverse transcribes its RNA into DNA, inserts the DNA into a ciccular chromsome and then transcripbes more copies of the RNA from the viral DNA
ex: HIV

Answer 36

retrovirus

Question 37

a display of micrographs of the metaphase chromosome of a cell, arranged by size and centromere position, used to indentify certain chromosomal abnormalities

Answer 37

karyotype