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Bio 2 > 9.1-9.14 and 10.1-10.15 > Flashcards

9.1-9.14 and 10.1-10.15 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Mendels 4 Hypotheses

A
  1. Genes are found in alternative versions called alleles; a genotype is the listing of alleles an individual carries for a specific gene.
  2. For each characteristic, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent; the alleles can be the same or different
  3. If the alleles differ, the dominant allele determines the organism’s appearance, and the recessive allele has no noticeable effect
  4. Law of segregation: Allele pairs separate (segregate) from each other during the production of gametes so that a sperm or egg carries only one allele for each gene
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2
Q

Homozygous

A

genotype has identical alleles.

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3
Q

Heterozygous

A

genotype has two different alleles

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4
Q

What is the Law of Segregation

A

Allele pairs separate (segregate) from each other during the production of gametes so that a sperm or egg carries only one allele for each gene (One of Mendels Hypotheses)

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

is the appearance or expression of a trait

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6
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup

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7
Q

Dominant

A

The allele that determines the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene

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8
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that has no noticeable affect on the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene

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9
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation

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10
Q

What type of cross represents independent assortment?

A

Dihybrid

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11
Q

What do geneticists use of determine unknown genotypes

A

Testcross

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12
Q

What is a test cross

A

Mating between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual
Results will show whether the unknown genotype includes a recessive allele
Used by Mendel to confirm true-breeding genotypes

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13
Q

How can genetic traits in humans be tracked?

A

Pedigrees

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14
Q

What is a pedigree

A

Shows the inheritance of a trait in a family through multiple generations
Demonstrates dominant or recessive inheritance
Can also be used to deduce genotypes of family members

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15
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Neither allele is dominant over the other

Expression of both alleles is observed as an intermediate phenotype in the heterozygous individual

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16
Q

What is co dominance

A

Neither allele is dominant over the other

Expression of both alleles is observed as a distinct phenotype in the heterozygous individual

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17
Q

Where are COVALENT bonds located in DNA structure?

A

hold nucleotides next to one another along the sugar-phosphate backbones

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18
Q

Where are HYDROGEN bonds located in DNA structure?

A

link complementary base pairs (A-T, G-C)
Weak
Allow the strands to separate during replication

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19
Q

What does DNA replication allow for?

A

Semi conservative model

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20
Q

What is attached to the 5 prime end?

A

Phosphate Group

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21
Q

What is attached to the 3 prime end?

A

Hydroxyl Group

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22
Q

From top to bottom how is the chain oriented on the lef?

A

5’-> 3’

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23
Q

How is the chain oriented on the right?

24
Q

What adds nucleotides to the 5’-3’

Study These Flashcards
A

DNA Polymerase

25
What is the strand that is continuously synthesized?
Leading
26
What is the strand that is synthesized in fragments?
Lagging
27
What is the overall direction of replication?
Matches direction of leading strand
28
What joins the pieces in the lagging strand?
DNA ligase
29
DNA is _________ into RNA
Transcribed
30
RNA is __________ into protein
Translated
31
What are the stages of Transcription
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination
32
What is initiation?
RNA polymerase enzyme binds to a DNA sequence called the promoter, where the helix unwinds and transcription starts
33
What is elongation?
RNA nucleotides are added to the chain
34
What is termination?
RNA polymerase reaches a DNA sequence called a terminator and detaches
35
What are codons?
Triplets of bases on a RNA strand
36
What is translation?
is the link between genotype (DNA) and phenotype (proteins) allows for cells to change from the language of nucleotides (DNA & RNA) to the language of amino acids (proteins) tRNA molecules match an amino acid to the corresponding mRNA codon
37
What is the start code?
AUG
38
What does each tRNA carry?
A specific amino acid | an anticodon on the tRNA binds to a specific mRNA codon
39
What hold tRNA and mRNA close together?
Ribosome subunits | This allows the amino acids to connect into a polypeptide chain
40
What bases match with each other
A-T | C-G
41
What does a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base make up?
Nucleotides
42
What is the shape of a dna molecule most like?
A twisted rope ladder
43
Why does a dna strand grow only on the 5’ to 3’ direction
Because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing molecule
44
CGTACTTCAAAATCTG Make a complementary base pair Transcribe
strand 2: GCATGAAGTTTTAGAC mRNA: GCAUGAAGUUUUAGAC tRNA:CGUACUUCAAAAUCUG
45
Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus
46
Where does translation occur?
Cytoplasm
47
When one parent DNA molecule is copied to make two dna molecules the new daughter dna molecule contain
50% of the parent DNA
48
What is the transfer of genetic information from dna to rna
Transcription
49
The directions for each amino acid in a protein are indicated by a colon that consists of _____ nucleotide in an rna molecule
3
50
What enables the formation of an RNA molecule?
RNA Polymerase
51
Marks the end of a gene and causes transcription to stop?
A terminator
52
What is a testcross?
An individual of unknown genotype and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait of interest
53
Two heterozygous four way cross results in what?
9:3:3:1 ratio
54
When two traits are crossed and a completely new phenotype emerges that is called?
Incomplete dominance
55
A person with AB blood illustrates the principle of
Co dominance

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