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Bio 2 > 9.1-9.14 and 10.1-10.15 > Flashcards

9.1-9.14 and 10.1-10.15 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Mendels 4 Hypotheses

A
  1. Genes are found in alternative versions called alleles; a genotype is the listing of alleles an individual carries for a specific gene.
  2. For each characteristic, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent; the alleles can be the same or different
  3. If the alleles differ, the dominant allele determines the organism’s appearance, and the recessive allele has no noticeable effect
  4. Law of segregation: Allele pairs separate (segregate) from each other during the production of gametes so that a sperm or egg carries only one allele for each gene
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2
Q

Homozygous

A

genotype has identical alleles.

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3
Q

Heterozygous

A

genotype has two different alleles

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4
Q

What is the Law of Segregation

A

Allele pairs separate (segregate) from each other during the production of gametes so that a sperm or egg carries only one allele for each gene (One of Mendels Hypotheses)

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

is the appearance or expression of a trait

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6
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup

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7
Q

Dominant

A

The allele that determines the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene

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8
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that has no noticeable affect on the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene

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9
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation

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10
Q

What type of cross represents independent assortment?

A

Dihybrid

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11
Q

What do geneticists use of determine unknown genotypes

A

Testcross

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12
Q

What is a test cross

A

Mating between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual
Results will show whether the unknown genotype includes a recessive allele
Used by Mendel to confirm true-breeding genotypes

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13
Q

How can genetic traits in humans be tracked?

A

Pedigrees

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14
Q

What is a pedigree

A

Shows the inheritance of a trait in a family through multiple generations
Demonstrates dominant or recessive inheritance
Can also be used to deduce genotypes of family members

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15
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Neither allele is dominant over the other

Expression of both alleles is observed as an intermediate phenotype in the heterozygous individual

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16
Q

What is co dominance

A

Neither allele is dominant over the other

Expression of both alleles is observed as a distinct phenotype in the heterozygous individual

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17
Q

Where are COVALENT bonds located in DNA structure?

A

hold nucleotides next to one another along the sugar-phosphate backbones

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18
Q

Where are HYDROGEN bonds located in DNA structure?

A

link complementary base pairs (A-T, G-C)
Weak
Allow the strands to separate during replication

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19
Q

What does DNA replication allow for?

A

Semi conservative model

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20
Q

What is attached to the 5 prime end?

A

Phosphate Group

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21
Q

What is attached to the 3 prime end?

A

Hydroxyl Group

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22
Q

From top to bottom how is the chain oriented on the lef?

A

5’-> 3’

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23
Q

How is the chain oriented on the right?

A

3’->5’

24
Q

What adds nucleotides to the 5’-3’

A

DNA Polymerase

25
Q

What is the strand that is continuously synthesized?

A

Leading

26
Q

What is the strand that is synthesized in fragments?

A

Lagging

27
Q

What is the overall direction of replication?

A

Matches direction of leading strand

28
Q

What joins the pieces in the lagging strand?

A

DNA ligase

29
Q

DNA is _________ into RNA

A

Transcribed

30
Q

RNA is __________ into protein

A

Translated

31
Q

What are the stages of Transcription

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
32
Q

What is initiation?

A

RNA polymerase enzyme binds to a DNA sequence called the promoter, where the helix unwinds and transcription starts

33
Q

What is elongation?

A

RNA nucleotides are added to the chain

34
Q

What is termination?

A

RNA polymerase reaches a DNA sequence called a terminator and detaches

35
Q

What are codons?

A

Triplets of bases on a RNA strand

36
Q

What is translation?

A

is the link between genotype (DNA) and phenotype (proteins)
allows for cells to change from the language of nucleotides (DNA & RNA) to the language of amino acids (proteins)
tRNA molecules match an amino acid to the corresponding mRNA codon

37
Q

What is the start code?

A

AUG

38
Q

What does each tRNA carry?

A

A specific amino acid

an anticodon on the tRNA binds to a specific mRNA codon

39
Q

What hold tRNA and mRNA close together?

A

Ribosome subunits

This allows the amino acids to connect into a polypeptide chain

40
Q

What bases match with each other

A

A-T

C-G

41
Q

What does a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base make up?

A

Nucleotides

42
Q

What is the shape of a dna molecule most like?

A

A twisted rope ladder

43
Q

Why does a dna strand grow only on the 5’ to 3’ direction

A

Because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing molecule

44
Q

CGTACTTCAAAATCTG
Make a complementary base pair
Transcribe

A

strand 2: GCATGAAGTTTTAGAC

mRNA: GCAUGAAGUUUUAGAC

tRNA:CGUACUUCAAAAUCUG

45
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

46
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Cytoplasm

47
Q

When one parent DNA molecule is copied to make two dna molecules the new daughter dna molecule contain

A

50% of the parent DNA

48
Q

What is the transfer of genetic information from dna to rna

A

Transcription

49
Q

The directions for each amino acid in a protein are indicated by a colon that consists of _____ nucleotide in an rna molecule

A

3

50
Q

What enables the formation of an RNA molecule?

A

RNA Polymerase

51
Q

Marks the end of a gene and causes transcription to stop?

A

A terminator

52
Q

What is a testcross?

A

An individual of unknown genotype and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait of interest

53
Q

Two heterozygous four way cross results in what?

A

9:3:3:1 ratio

54
Q

When two traits are crossed and a completely new phenotype emerges that is called?

A

Incomplete dominance

55
Q

A person with AB blood illustrates the principle of

A

Co dominance

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