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Bio 2 > Cell Division And The Cell Cycle Slides 1-19 > Flashcards

Cell Division And The Cell Cycle Slides 1-19 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Aspects of asexual reproduction

A

Offspring identical to the original cell or organism (clone)
One parent
No sperm or Egg

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2
Q

Aspects of sexual reproduction

A

Variations from parents
Involves 2 parents
Fusion of gametes and egg and sperm
Meiosis

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3
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A 
DNA found in nucleus 
DNA made up of chromosomes 
Cell division- Mitosis 
Multi-cellular 
More complex (human carries 25,000 genes)
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4
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A 
Reproduce by Binary Fission 
Single cell (unicellular) 
DNA floats in cytoplasm 
DNA strand (coiled/circular) 
No nucleus 
Less complex (bacteria carries 3,000 genes)
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5
Q

Define binary fission

A

Reproduces prokaryotes Cells by dividing in half

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6
Q

Steps of binary fission

A
  1. Chromosome duplicates, copies separate
  2. Cell continues to elongate, copies move apart
  3. Membrane grows inward to divide the cells
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7
Q

What is the name of the protein that helps DNA condense into chromosomes?

A

Histones

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8
Q

During what phase do chromosomes become condensed?

A

Metaphase

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9
Q

Describe how the DNA of chromatin becomes condensed.

A

The chromatin is wrapped around a complex histones

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10
Q

What are eukaryotic Cells composed of?

A

Chromatin

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11
Q

What is chromatin made up of?

A

DNA and proteins called histones

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12
Q

Eukaryotic cell division steps

A
  1. Cell duplicates all its chromosomes
  2. When cell divides sister chromatids separate
  3. Once sedated each chromatid is called a chromosome
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13
Q

What are the two copies of a chromosome called?

A

Chromatid

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14
Q

What do sister chromatids contain?

A

Incentivar copies of the dna molecule

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15
Q

Where are chromatids joined at?

A

The centromere

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16
Q

What is the basis of reproduction for every organism?

A

Cell division

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17
Q

What does cell division enable?

A

Multicellular organisms grow to adult size

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18
Q

What does cell division help to replace?

A

Worn out or damaged cells

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19
Q

What does cell division keep consistent?

A

The total number of cells in a mature organism

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20
Q

How big apart of the cell cycle is mitosis?

A

A small fraction of the cell cycle

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21
Q

Define the cell cycle

A

An order sequence of events that lead to cell division

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22
Q

What are the two states of the cell cycle?

A 
Interphase (90%) 
Mitotic phase (10%)
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23
Q

What are the parts of interphase?

A

G1, S and G2

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24
Q

What is interphase?

A

Duplication of cell contents

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25
Q

G1

A

Growth, increase in cytoplasm

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26
Q

S

A

Duplication of chromosomes

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27
Q

G2

A

Growth, preparation for division

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28
Q

Mitotic Phase

A

Division

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29
Q

What are the parts of the mitotic phase?

A

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

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30
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus

31
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm

32
Q

Stages of mitosis

A 
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase 
Anaphase 
Telophase
33
Q

Control points where signals regulate the cell cycle

A

Checkpoints

34
Q

What are the checkpoints

A

G1
G2
M

35
Q

What is the G1 checkpoint

A

Allows entry into the S phase or causes the cell to leave the cycle entering a nondividing G0 phase

36
Q

What types of cells go int G0 phase

A

Nerve and muscle cells

37
Q

What makes precancerous cells different from normal cells

A

Precancerous Cell follow own directions, regular cells usually grow, die and reproduce, cancerous cells divide more often then a regular cells, uncontrollable

38
Q

How do cancer cells move to a new location

A

Cancer cells move through the blood stream to new locations

39
Q

What are the four stages of the cell cycle

A

G1(Mose important checkpoint)
S(synthesis)
G2
Mitosis

40
Q

During which phase do cells divide

A

Mitosis

41
Q

In normal cells cell division is precisely controlled by ______________

A

Internal clocks

42
Q

What genes are accelerators of cell division

A

Protooncogenes

43
Q

What genes are the breaks of cells division

A

Tumor suppressors

44
Q

What is controlled

A

Cell division

45
Q

What does controlled cell division allow for

A

Normal growth and development of tissues

46
Q

What happens if cell division doesn’t have control

A

They can divide excessively

47
Q

What can excessive cell division cause

A

Invasion of normal fussed of the body

48
Q

Cancer cells divide in the absence of _________

A

Growth factors

49
Q

How do cancer cells spread to other tissues

A

Circulatory System

50
Q

What forms when growth is not inhibited by other cells

A

Tumors

51
Q

Benign tumors

A

Remain at the original site

52
Q

Malignant tumors

A

Spread to other locations by metastasis

53
Q

Cancer treatments

A

Surgery (localized)-> can damage surrounding tissues
radiation (localized) -> kills all cells in area
Chemotherapy (spread)-> kills all cells

54
Q

External/internal body coverings

A

Carcinomas

55
Q

Supportive and connective tissues

A

Sarcomas

56
Q

Blood forming tissues

A

Leukemia’s and lymphomas

57
Q

Somatic Cells

A

Body cells
Includes all the cells in body except egg and sperm
Human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes
Somatic chromosomes have pairs of homologous chromosomes (one from each parent)

58
Q

Autosomes

A

Same size and genetic composition

Except for sex chromosomes (XandY differ and size and genetic composition)

59
Q

How many pairs of sex chromosomes do humans have

A

One pair

60
Q

Diploid Cells

A

Have 2 homologous sets of chromosomes (somatic cells)

61
Q

Haploid Cells

A

Have one set of chromosomes (gametes)

62
Q

Gametes

A

Egg and sperm have haploid (n) chromosome number

63
Q

Zygote

A

Has diploid (2n) chromosomes number, one set from each parent

64
Q

Zygote can develop into multi cellular adult during

A

Mitosis

65
Q

Creates gamete

A

Meiosis

66
Q

Karyotype

A

An ordered display of magnified images of an individuals chromosomes arranged in pairs, abnormalities can be detected by this, shown as condensed and doubled

67
Q

What can be found from karyotype?

A

Sex

Abnormalities

68
Q

How many chromosomes are organized into how many pairs in human?

A

46 into 23 pairs

69
Q

Autosomes are numbered from what to what in humans

A

1-22

Sex chromomosems are 23

70
Q

What shows band patterns

A

Stained chromosomes

71
Q

Female

A

XX

72
Q

Male

A

XY

73
Q

What is the cause of Down syndrome

A

Trisomy 21

3 copies on 21 chromosome

74
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Failure or chromosomes or chromatids to separate during meiosis

Bio 2 (9 decks)

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