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Midterm Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Water potential

A

A measurement that combines the effects of solute concentration and pressure. Determines the direction of movement of water

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2
Q

Protist

A

•Protist is the informal name of the group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes
Protists exhibit more structural and functional diversity than any other group of eukaryotes

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3
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Photoautotrophs, which contain chloroplasts

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4
Q

Heterotrophs

A

absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles

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5
Q

Mixotrophs

A

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

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6
Q

4 supergroups of eukaryotes

A

Sar Clade, archeaplastida, unikonta, excavata

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7
Q

Sar clade

A

e “SAR” clade is a diverse monophyletic supergroup named for the first letters of its three major clades stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians
Most controversial

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8
Q

Excavate

A

characterized by its cytoskeleton Euglena
•The main feature distinguishing them as a clade is a spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella
- diplomonads
- parabasalids
- euglenozoans

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9
Q

Archeaplastida

A

•Archaeplastida is the supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, and land plants

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10
Q

Diplomonads

A

Have reduced mitochondria called Mitosomes
Derive energy from anaerobic biochemical pathways
How to equal size nuclei and multiple flagella
Are often parasites
Lack plastids

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11
Q

Parabasalids

A

Have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenesomes that generate some energy anaerobically

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12
Q

Euglenozoa

A

A diverse clay that includes predatory heterotrophs photosynthetic autotroph’s, mixotrophs and parasites
The main feature distinguishing them as a clade is a spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella
- kinetoplastids
- euglenids

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13
Q

Stramenopiles

A

Include some of the most important photosynthetic organisms on earth. Most have a hairy flagellum paired with a smooth flagellum
Includes diatoms gold algae and brown algae

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14
Q

Alveolata

A

Have membrane enclosed sacs just under the plasma membrane

  • dinoflagellates
  • apicomplexans
  • cilates
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15
Q

Rhizarian

A 
Amoebas 
Threadlike pseudophilia 
-radiolarians 
-forams
-cercozoans
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16
Q

Amoebas

A

Protist that move and feed by pseudophilia, Extensions of the cell surface

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17
Q

Charophytes

A

Most closely related to land plant

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18
Q

Paraphyletic groups

A

Charophytes and chlorophytes

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19
Q

Unikonts

A

Includes animals fungi and some protists. Two classes: ameobozoans and the opisthokonts
Slime molds, tubulinids, entamoebas, nucleariids, fungi, choanoflagellates, and animals

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20
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Thrive almost anywhere including places too acidic salty cold or hot for most other organisms. Are microscopic. First organisms on earth. Unicellular. 0.5-5um. Three most common shapes are spheres rods and spirals

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21
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

A network of sugar polymers cross linked by polypeptides

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22
Q

Gram stain

A

Used to classify bacteria by cell wall composition

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23
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

Have simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan

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24
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

Have less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic

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25
Q

Capsules

A

A polysaccharide or protein layer which covers many prokaryotes

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26
Q

Endospores

A

In active and can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries

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27
Q

Fimbraie

A

Allow them to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony

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28
Q

Pili

A

Longer than fimbriae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA

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29
Q

Taxis

A

The ability to move toward or away from a stimulus

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30
Q

Chemotaxis

A

The movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus

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31
Q

Bacterial flagella

A

Composed of a motor hook and filament. Many of the proteins are modified versions of proteins and perform other task and bacteria. likely evolved as existing proteins were added to an ancestral secretory system.

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32
Q

Plasmid

A

Smaller rings of DNA

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33
Q

Key features of prokaryotic reproduction

A

Can divide everyone to three hours. They are small they reproduce by binary fission they have short generation times. Have considerable genetic variation. Rapid reproduction mutation genetic recombination

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34
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Movement of jeans among individuals from different species

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35
Q

Transformation

A

When I prokaryote cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment

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36
Q

Transduction

A

The movement of jeans between bacteria by bacterial phages

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37
Q

Conjugation

A

The process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells

38
Q

F factor

A

A piece of DNA that is required for the production of PIli

39
Q

Photo trophs

A

Obtain energy from light

40
Q

Chemo trophs

A

Obtain energy from chemicals

41
Q

Autotroph

A

Require CO2 as a carbon source

42
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Require an organic nutrients to make organic compounds

43
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Require 02 for cellular respiration

44
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Are poison by 02 and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration

45
Q

Faculitated anaerobes

A

Can survive with or without O2

46
Q

Nitrogen fixationa

A

Some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

47
Q

Extremophiles

A

Live in extreme environments

48
Q

Extreme halophiles

A

Live in highly saline environment

49
Q

Extreme thermophiles

A

Thrive in very hot environments

50
Q

How many species of plants are living on earth?

A

Roughly 290,000

51
Q

What are the closest relatives of land plants?

A

Charophytes, green algae

52
Q

Sporopollenin

A

A layer of a Durable polymer which prevents exposed zygotes from desiccation

53
Q

What are some benefits of plants moving to terrestrial environments? What are some challenges?

A

Unfiltered sunlight more plentiful CO2 and nutrient rich soil
Scar city of water lack of structural support

54
Q

Cuticle

A

A waxy covering of the epidermis to prevent desiccation

55
Q

Stomata

A

Specialized pores which support photosynthesis

56
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants that may have helped plans without true routs to obtain nutrients

57
Q

How long ago were plants on land?

A

At least 470 million years ago

58
Q

Seed

A

An embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

59
Q

How are plants grouped?

A

Based on the presence or absence of vascular tissue and seeds

60
Q

What are the three earliest phyla that may have diverged from common ancestor

A

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.

61
Q

Rhizoids

A

Anchor gametophytes to substrate

62
Q

What are the smallest and simplest sporophytes of all extant plant groups?

A

Bryophyte sporophyte

63
Q

What does a sporophyte consist of?

A

A foot A seta and the sporangium also called a capsule which discharges spores through a peristome

64
Q

What do horn worts and moss sporophytes have that liver worts do not?

A

Stomata

65
Q

Xylem

A

Conducts most of the water and minerals and includes tube shaped cells called tracheids

66
Q

Phloem

A

Has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars amino acid’s and other organic products

67
Q

Microphylls

A

Single vein

68
Q

Megaphylls

A

Highly branched vascular system

69
Q

Peat

A

Partially decayed organic material

70
Q

Lignin

A

Provide structural support and strengthen water conducting cells

71
Q

What are two clades of living seedless vascular plants?

A

Lycophytes and monilophytes

72
Q

What are the three basic plant organs?

A

Roots stems and leaves

73
Q

Root system

A

Relies on sugar produced by photosynthesis in the shoot system

74
Q

Shoot system

A

Relies on water and minerals absorbed by the root system

75
Q

Adventitious

A

Formed accidentally or in on unusual anatomical position

76
Q

Monocot

A

A flowering plant with an embryo that there is a single seed leaf monocots typically have elongated stockless leaves with parallel veins

77
Q

Eudicot

A

An angiosperm having two cotyledons in the seed, leaves with a network of vans radiating from a central main vain, flower parts in multiples of four or five, and a ring of vascular cambium in the system. Undergo secondary growth.

78
Q

Cotyledon

A

An embryonic leaf in the seed bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seeds

79
Q

Paramecium

A

A single celled freshwater animal that has a characteristic slipper like shape and is covered with Cillia

80
Q

Euglena

A

A green single celled freshwater organism with a flagellum sometimes forming a green scum on the stagnant water

81
Q

Angiosperm

A

A plant that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpal the angiosperms are large group and include herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses, and most trees.

82
Q

Gymnosperm

A

Plant that has seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit. Jim no sperm’s include the conifers cycads and ginkgo

83
Q

Bryophytes

A

Small flourless green plant of the division bruophyta which compromises the masses and liverworts

84
Q

Fern

A

A flourless plant that has a feathery or leafy Franz and reproduces by spores released from the undersides of the fronds ferns have a vascular system for the transport of water and nutrients.

85
Q

Lycopodium

A

A plant of a genus that includes the common club mosses.

86
Q

Sporophyte

A

The asexual and usually diploid phase producing spores from which the gametophyte arises. It is the dominant form and vascular plants example the front of a fern.

87
Q

Gametophyte

A

The gamete producing and usually haploid phase producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises it is the dominant form of bryophytes

88
Q

Rule of parsimony

A

Choose the simple a scientific explanation that fits the evidence. In terms of tree building that means that all other things being equal the best hypothesis is the one that requires the fewest evolutionary changes.

89
Q

Haploid

A

Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

90
Q

Diploid

A

Containing two complete sets of chromosomes one from each parent

91
Q

What are some functions of stems?

A

Elongate and orient the shoot in a way that maximizes photosynthesis by the leaves. Elevate reproductive structures there by facilitating dispersal of pollen and fruit. Green stems can preform a limited amount of photosynthesis

92
Q

What do stems consist of?

A

Alternating system of node’s which are the points at which leaves are attached. Internode the stem segments between nodes. Auxiliary bud is a structure that has the potential to perform a lateral shoots or branch. Apical dominance helps to maintain dormancy in most auxiliary buds.

Biology (12 decks)

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