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Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hardy Weinberg equation

A

P+q=1
P is the frequency of allele 1 of a diploid organism
Q is the frequency of allele 2 of a diploid organism

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2
Q

Frequency of each allele

  • 320 red flowers
  • 160 pink flowers
  • 20 white flowers
A

P=freq Cr =800/(800+200)=0.8

Q=freq Cw= 200/(800+200)=0.2

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3
Q

Calculate # of copies of each allele

  • 320 red flowers
  • 160 pink flowers
  • 20 white flowers
A

Cr=(320x2) +160=800

Cw= (20x2) +160= 200

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4
Q

Hardy Weinberg principle

A

Describes a population that is not evolving

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5
Q

Conditions of hardy Weinberg equilibrium

A

These conditions for non-evolving populations are rarely met in nature

  1. No mutations
  2. Random mating
  3. No natural selection
  4. Extremely large population size
  5. No gene flow
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6
Q

Genetic drift

A

Allele frequency’s fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next. Tends to reduce genetic variation through losses of alleles

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7
Q

Founder effect

A

Occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population

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8
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

A sudden reduction in population size due to a change in the environment

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9
Q

Gene flow

A

Consists of the movement of alleles among populations

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10
Q

Radiocarbon dating

A

Can be used to date fossils up to 75,000 years old

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11
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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12
Q

Taxanomic groups

A

Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species

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13
Q

Cladistics

A

Groups organisms by common descent

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14
Q

Clade

A

Group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants. Not all groupings of organisms qualify as Clades

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15
Q

Monophyletic

A

Signifying that it consist of all the ancestor species and all its descendants

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16
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Consist of an ancestral species and some but not all of the descendants

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17
Q

Polyphyletic

A

Includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor

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18
Q

Orthologous genes

A

Are found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species

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19
Q

Paralogous genes

A

Result from Gene duplications so are found in more than one copy in the genome

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20
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

The movement of jeans from one genome to the another. Occurs by exchange of tranposable elements and plasmids viral infection and fusion of Organisms

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21
Q

Homologous

A

Corresponding or similar in position value structure or function

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22
Q

Homozygous

A

Having identical pairs of jeans for any given pair of hereditary characteristics

23
Q

Heterozygous

A

Aa

24
Q

Which was first DNA or RNA?

A

RNA

25
Q

Allopatric

A

Originating in or occupying different geographical areas

26
Q

Sympatric

A

Originating in or occupying the same geographical area

27
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

Species with a shorter evolution evolved

28
Q

Graduated equilibrium

A

Those with a longer evolution. Selection and variation that happens more gradually over a short period of time it is hard to notice

29
Q

Convergent evolution

A

The process in which species that are not closely related to each other independently evolve similar kinds of traits. For example dragonflies hocks and bats all have wings none of these organisms owes its wings to jeans inherited from any of the others

30
Q

Coevolution

A

The influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution

31
Q

Natural selection

A

The differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype it is a key mechanism of evolution the change in heritable traits of a population over time

32
Q

peptidoglycan

A

A network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

33
Q

Gram positive

A

Have simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan

34
Q

Gram negative

A

Les peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic

35
Q

Endospores

A

Can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries and are in active

36
Q

Pili

A

Allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA

37
Q

Transformation

A

Take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment

38
Q

Transduction

A

The movement of genes between bacteria by bacterial phages viruses that infect bacteria

39
Q

Conjugation

A

The process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells

40
Q

Phototrophs

A

Obtain energy from light

41
Q

Autotrophs

A

Require a CO2 as a carbon source

42
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Require an organic nutrient to make organic compound

43
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Obtain energy from chemicals

44
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Require 02 for cellular respiration

45
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Are poison by 02 and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration

46
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Can survive with or without O2

47
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia

48
Q

Protists

A

The group of mostly Unicellular eukaryotes. Exhibit more structural and functional diversity than any other group of eukaryotes

49
Q

Four supergroups of eukaryotes

A

Excavata, SAR clade, Arcaeplastida, unikonta

50
Q

Diplomonads

A

Often parasites lack plastids have reduced mitochondria live in anaerobic environments

51
Q

Parabasalids

A

Have reduced mitochondria called Hydrogenesomes

52
Q

Euglenozoans

A

Diverse clay that includes predatory heterotrophs photosynthetic autotroph’s mixotrophs and parasites

53
Q

Unikonta

A

Include animals fungi and some progress and has two clades

Biology (12 decks)

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