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Biology > Chapter 40 > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How are cells organized?

A

Tissues, organs, organ system

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2
Q

What do sponges lack?

A

True tissues such as organs

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3
Q

What are the 4 mains types of animals tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.

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4
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

Cover the outside of the body and line organs and cavities within the body. They function as a barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens, and fluid loss.

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5
Q

Connective tissue

A

Hold many tissues and organs together and in place. Sparse population of cells scattered through an extra cellular matrix.

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6
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Secrete fiber proteins

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7
Q

Macrophages

A

Engulf foreign proteins and any cell debris by phagocytosis

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8
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Responsible for all types of body movement. All cells contain proteins actin and myosin.

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9
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac.

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10
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Functions in the receipt, processing and transmission of info. Contains neurons or nerve cells and glial cells or glia.

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11
Q

What does a concentration of nervous tissue make up?

A

A brain, an information processing center.

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12
Q

Horomones

A

The signaling molecules that broadcast throughout the body by the endocrine system

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13
Q

Endocrine System

A

Well adapted for coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body such as growth development reproduction metabolic processes and digestion

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14
Q

Nervous system

A

Well suited for directing the immediate and rapid responses to the environment such as reflexes and other rapid movements.

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15
Q

Regulator

A

Uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

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16
Q

Conformer

A

If it allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes in the variable

17
Q

Homeostasis

A

Steady state. The maintenance of internal balance. Animals maintain a relatively constant internal environment even when the external environment changes significantly

18
Q

Negative feedback

A

A control mechanism that reduces or damps the stimulus. For example when you exercise you sweat which controls your temperature and eliminates the stimulus.

19
Q

Positive feedback

A

A control mechanism that amplifies rather and reduces the stimulus.

20
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

A set of psychological changes that occur roughly ever 24 hours.

21
Q

Acclimatization

A

The gradual process by which an animal adjusts to changes in its external environment. Don’t get this confused with adaptation.

22
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The process by which animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range.

23
Q

Endothermic

A

Are warmed by heat generated by metabolism. Humans.

24
Q

Ectothermic

A

They gain most of their heat from external sources.

25
Q

Poikilotherm

A

An Animal whose body temp varies with its environment.

26
Q

Homeotherm

A

Has relatively constant body temperature

27
Q

Integumentary system

A

The outer covering of the body including the skin, hair, and nails.

28
Q

vasodilation

A

A widening of superficial blood blood vessels

29
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the diameter of superficial vessels

30
Q

Counter current exchange

A

The exchange of heat or solutes between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions.

31
Q

Nonshivering thermogenesis

A

Horomones can cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity and produce heat instead of atp.

32
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Region in the brain where sensors for thermal regulation and circadian clock are located

33
Q

Bioenergetics

A

Overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal. Determines nutritional needs and it related to animals size activity and environment.

34
Q

Biosynthesis

A

Needed for body growth and repair

35
Q

Metabolic rate

A

Sum of all the energy an animal uses in a given time interval

36
Q

Bmr basal metabolic rate

A

The minimum metabolic rate of a nongrowing endotherm that is at rest, has an empty stomach, and is not experiencing stress.

37
Q

Smr standard metabolic rate

A

Metabolic rate of a fasting, nonstressed ectotherm at rest at a particular temp.

Biology (12 decks)

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