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Psychology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

seeks to understand the biochemical processes behind the behavior of all living creatures.

A

Biopsychology

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2
Q

process of transmission of genetic characteristics from the parent to the offspring

A

heredity

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3
Q

life begins at-

A

conception (union of sperm and egg)

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4
Q

chromosomes comes from Greek words meaning-

A

colored bodies

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5
Q

rope-like structures found in the nucleus of the cell; contain thousands of genes

A

chromosomes

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6
Q

Each chromosome in the zygote’s nucleus carries thousands of even smaller particles -

A

genes

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7
Q

basic unit of heredity

A

gene

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8
Q

genes are composed of-

A

DNA

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9
Q

human cell conatins _ chromosomes

A

46

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10
Q

carrier of hereditary information within the genes

A

DNA

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11
Q

instructions of DNA are carried out by-

A

RNA

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12
Q

Principles of Heredity

A 
Principle of Chance
Principle of Dominance and Recessiveness
Sex-Linked Traits
Principle of Reproduction
Principle of Variation
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13
Q

sex chromosomes

A

pair 23

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14
Q

located at the rear of the skull, is the lowest portion of the brain

A

hindbrain

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15
Q

3 main parts of hindbrain

A

medulla, cerebellum, pons

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16
Q

begins where the spinal cord enters the skull

A

medulla

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17
Q

function of medulla

A

helps control breathing and regulates a portion of the feglexes that allow us to maintain an upright posture

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18
Q

extends from the rear of the hindbrain and is located above the medulla

consists of two rounded structures thought to play important roles in motor control

leg and arm movement are coordinated here

A

cerebellum

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19
Q

a bridge in the hindbrain that contains several clusters of fibers involved in sleep and arousal

A

pons

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20
Q

located between hindbrain and forebrain

an area where many nerve fiber systems ascend and descend to connect the higher and lower portions of the brain.

A

midbrain

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21
Q

function of midbrain

A

relays information between brain and the eyes and ears

ability to attend to an object visually

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22
Q

is a diffuse collection of neurons involved in stereotyped behavior such as walking, sleeping or orienting to sudden noise

A

reticular formation

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23
Q

nerve fibers originate in _____ and terminate at _______

A

thalamus

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24
Q

small groups of neurons in the midbrain that send their axons to a remarkable variety of brain regions

involved in high-level integrative functions

A

basal ganglia

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25
Q

three parts of hindbrain

A

medulla
cerebellum
pons

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26
Q

structures of forebrain

A 
thalamus
hypothalamus
endocrine system
limbic system
cerebrum
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27
Q

about the size of a peach pit and sits at the top of the brain stem in the central core of the brain

A

thalamus

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28
Q

function of thalamus

A

serves as a very important relay station, functioning much like a telephone switchboard between the diverse areas of the cortex and the reticular formation

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29
Q

much smaller than the thalamus and about the size of a kidney bean/pea, located just below thalamus

A

hypothalamus

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30
Q

functions of hypothalamus

A

monitors three enjoyable activities- eating, drinking, sex
helps direct endocrine system through pituitary gland
emotion, stress, reward

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31
Q

master switchboard

A

hypothalamus

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32
Q

master gland

A

pituitary gland

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33
Q

loosely connected network of structures under the cerebral cortex; plays important roles in both memory and emotion

A

limbic system

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34
Q

two principal structures of limbic system:

A

amygdala

hippocampus

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35
Q

involved in emotion and in the discrimination of objects that are important in the organism’s survival

includes appropriate food, mates, social rivals

A

amygdala

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36
Q

has a special role in the storage of memories

A

hippocampus

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37
Q

other name of cerebral cortex

A

cerebrum

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38
Q

largest part of the brain in volume and covers the lower portions of the brain like a large cap

A

cerebrum

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39
Q

cortex comes from Latin word for

A

bark

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40
Q

thickness of cerebral cortex

A

2-6 mm

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41
Q

right and left sides of the cerebral cortex are connected by a thick band of nerve fibers called

A

corpus callosum

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42
Q

bump or bulge on the cortex

A

gyrus

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43
Q

groove

A

sulcus

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44
Q

functions of cerebral cortex

A 
thought
voluntary movement
language
reasoning
perception
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45
Q

cerebellum comes from Latin word

A

little brain

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46
Q

located behind the brain stem

A

cerebellum

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47
Q

functions of cerebellum

A

movement
balance
posture

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48
Q

general term for the area of the brain between the thalamus and spinal cord

A

brain stem

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49
Q

structures of brain stem

A 
medulla
pons
tectum
reticular formation
tegmentum
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50
Q

functions of brain stem

A

breathing
heart rate
blood pressure

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51
Q

functions of hypothalamus

A 
body temperature
emotions
hunger
thirst
circadian rhythm
52
Q

hypothalamus controls this part

A

pituitary gland

53
Q

receives sensory information and relays this information to the cerebral cortex

54
Q

functions

A

sensory processing

movement

55
Q

group of structures that includes amygdala, hippocampus, mammillary bodies and cingulate gyrus

A

limbic system

56
Q

functions of limbic system

57
Q

one part of the limbic system that is important for memory and learning

A

hippocampus

58
Q

group of structures, include the globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, cubthalamic nucleus, putamen and substatia nigra

A

basal ganglia

59
Q

function of basal ganglia

60
Q

includes structures such as the superior and inferior colliculi and red nucleus

61
Q

functions of midbrain

A

vision
audition
eye movement
body movement

62
Q

scattered masses of tissues found in various parts of the body

A

endocrine glands

63
Q

endocrine glands secrete chemical messengers known as

64
Q

master gland

A

pituitary gland

65
Q

located in the neck, in front of the windpipe and weighs less than an ounce

A

thyroid gland

66
Q

underactivity of thyroid gland

results to laziness and dullness

A

hypothyroidism

67
Q

oversized tongue, chalky shaped teeth, mental retardation

68
Q

lack of iodine (hypothyroidism)

69
Q

play an important role in sal and carbohydrate metabolism

A

adrenal androgens

70
Q

adrenal androgens produce condition ____ in males

71
Q

emergency hormones

A

adrenalin

noradrenalin

72
Q

regulizes utilization of calcium and phosphorus

A

parathormone

73
Q

too much parathormone and inhibits nervous activity

74
Q

too little parathormone

characterized by intermittent, involuntary muscle twitching and spasms, convulsion, eventual death

75
Q

hormones secreted by testes

A

testosterone

testicular androgen

76
Q

prepares female for pregnancy, birth, lactation

A

progesterone

77
Q

excess supply in sugar in blood

A

diabetes mellitus

78
Q

oversupply of insulin

a condition of chronic fatigue

A

hypoglycemia

79
Q

acts on reproductive organs

80
Q

insufficient melatonin

A

advances appearance of secondary sex characteristics

81
Q

hold back sexual development

82
Q

reaches mature size before puberty and then disappears

83
Q

if thymus disappears too early,

A

puberty may be accelerated

84
Q

if thymus persist to exist

A

lead to a retarded sexual development or sexually infantile adult

85
Q

the process of interpreting sensations-making them meaningful

organization of sensory input into meaningful experience

A

perception

86
Q

serves the function of converting raw sensory input into useful information

A

perceiving

87
Q

Things to remember about conception

A

Perception is a matter of identifying the environmental referent of the sensory input and of anticipating its properties

Perception serves an encoding process

We act as though we use a strategy in perceiving

88
Q

the object or event that is being perceived

89
Q

direction of perception toward selected objects

90
Q

readiness to perceive, a pre-perceptive set of expectancy based on one’s interests and motivations, as well as on the nature of the stimuli which impinge upon us

91
Q

3 standpoints of attentive process

A

adjustment of the sense organs
adjustment of posture
muscle tension are involved in any adjustment of posture

92
Q

principles of perceptual organization

A 
figure and ground relationships
contour
grouping
camouflage or contrast
law of pragnanz
93
Q

Organize stimuli into central or “goreground” figure and a background

A

figure and ground relationships

94
Q

usually in front of or on top of what we perceive as background

95
Q

“flows” around the shape of the figure; it has not edges of its own

A

background

96
Q

boundary between a figure and its ground that separate figure from ground

97
Q

causes us to perceive separate stimuli as parts of larger wholes

98
Q

4 laws of grouping

A

similarity
proximity
closure
continuity

99
Q

when parts of a stimulus configuration are perceives as similar, they will also be perceived as belonging together

A

law of similarity

100
Q

elements that are near each other are perceived as a line or group

A

law of proximity

101
Q

any stimuli that might suggest a continuous, closed contour can be automatically organized into a figure by human perceptual processes

A

law of closure

102
Q

holds that we link individual elements so they form a continuous line or pattern that makes sense to us

A

law of continuity

103
Q

is important to some animals in that thier coloration which blend in with their background may hide them form predators

A

camouflage or contrast

104
Q

a stimulus will be organized into as good a figure as possible

good means symmetrical, simple, regular

A

law of pragnanz

105
Q

perceptions that tend to be misleading

also involve other senses

106
Q

Illusions

A

Illusion in the perception of distance
illusion in the perception of depth
the perception of motion

107
Q

illusion in the perception of distance

A

muller-lyer illusion

ponzo illusion

108
Q

is experienced when we witness a motion picture

A

illusion in the perception of motion

109
Q

succession of still images, appearing in slightly different positions one after the other at a suitable rate

A

phi-phenomenon

110
Q

conversation of two-dimensional information into three dimensions

is also a function of the auditory sense

A

perception of depth

111
Q

perception of depth

A

zollner illusion

112
Q

auditory perceptions

A

perception of distance

perception of direction

113
Q

cues of perception of direction

A

time differential
intensity differential
ripple

114
Q

split second is involved in 2 ears

permits the person to judge the direction of the sound

A

time differential

115
Q

when a sound originates on one side of the head, the full strength of the sound wave goes into the ear on that side

A

intensity differential

116
Q

the wave character of sound

117
Q

unpleasant sensory and emotional experience caused by real or potential injury or damage to the body or described in terms of such damage

118
Q

3 part warning system of pain

A

warns of injury
pain protects against further injury
leads to a period of reduced activity

119
Q

cognitive strategies for increasing pain tolerance

A

concentrating and focusing your attention on other things and attempting to ignore the pain
dissociation
association
imagining that the affected part of your body is numb and insensitive
making positive self-statements to yourself

120
Q

readiness to perceive in a certain manner

A

set or perceptual set

121
Q

perceptual set is determined by

A

past experience

context

122
Q

ESP

A

telepathy
clairvoyance
psychokinesis
precognition

123
Q

refers to the transfer of thoughts between individuals

124
Q

refers to the perception of objects or events that are not availablte to the senses

A

clairvoyance

125
Q

is the ability to influence movement of material bodies by power of thought alone

A

psychokinesis

126
Q

is the ability to predict the future

A

precognition

127
Q

the study of ESP

A

parapsychology

Psychology (8 decks)

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