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Psych 201 > Midterm 4 > Flashcards

Midterm 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

DSM-5

A

diagnostic and statistical; manual of mental disorders

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2
Q

psychological disorder def

A

presence of contellation of symptoms that create significant distress; impair work, school, family, relationships, or daily living or lead to significant risk of harm.

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3
Q

symptoms of a psychological disorder

A
  • cognitive
  • emotional
  • behavioural
    ABC model
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4
Q

abnormal psychology def

A

scientific study of psycholofical disorders

- no universal definition of what is abnormal behaviour

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5
Q

what are the 4 D’s?

agreed upon feature of having a psychological disorder

A

deviance- behaviour, thoughts, emotions are unusual and socially unacceptable

  • destress- to the person or close to others
  • dysfunction- interference with daily functioning
  • danger
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6
Q

canadian stats

A 
anxiety disorder 12.2%
mood disorder 6.7%
eating disorder 2.5% 
scizorphrenia 0.3%
deaths from sucide (2% of all deaths)
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7
Q

ways of classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders

A
  • International classifiation of diseases (ICD-10)
  • used by most countries published by WHO

diagnostic and statisical manual od mental disorder (DSM-V)

  • manual used in North America
  • provides sympoms for all 400 disorders
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8
Q

classification of disorders

A
  • neurodevelopmental disorders
  • neurocognitive disorders
  • substance related and addictive disorders
  • schizophrenia-spectrum and other psychotic disorders
    depressive disorders
  • bipolar and related
  • anxiety
  • obsessive-compulsive
  • somatic symptoms
    -dissociatve
  • feeding and eating
  • sexual
  • gender
  • paraphilic
  • sleep-wake
  • disruptive, impulse control
  • personality
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9
Q

is eccentricity abnormal

A

we often look for these type of people for entertainment and shows but if in public often frowned

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10
Q

what explains abnormality (brain)

A
  • genes
  • neurotransmitters
  • brain structure and function
  • diathesis (predisposition to a disorder)
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11
Q

what explains abnormality (the person)

A
  • classical and operant conditioning
  • cognitive biases
  • emotions
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12
Q

what explains abnormality (the group)

A
  • culture
  • social labelling
  • social factors can lead to diagnotic bias
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13
Q

Being sane in insane places

A
  • 8 pseudo-patients claimed to hear voices
  • addmitted to psychiatric hospitals
  • stopped reporting symptoms
  • normal behaviour were interpreted as pathlogical
  • doctors rarely responded to questions
  • many real patients were not fooled
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14
Q

neuroscience model

A
  • views disorders as illness caused by a malfunctioning brain
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15
Q

factors contributed to biological dysfunction

A

(neuroscience model)

  • genetic inheritance
  • mood disorders, schizophrenia, mental retardation, alzheimer’s
  • too many or not enough neurotransmitters
  • insufficient norepinephrine and serotonin in depression
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16
Q

neuroscience model viral infection

A
  • fetal or childhood exposure and schizophrenia

exposure levels

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17
Q

neuroscience model hormones

A

excess cortisol in depression

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18
Q

neuroscience model specific brain structure abnormalities

A

huntington’s disease and loss of cells in the striatum

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19
Q

neuroscience model criticism

A
  • does not take into account additional facots such as stress, experiences
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20
Q

antisocial disorders and the brain

A

wayne gacy murdered at least 33 boys and young men between 1972 and 1978
- postmortem exaimintations have not reveleaced clear links between abnormal brain structure and the extreme antisocial patterns exhibited by gacy and other serial killers

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21
Q

cognitive behavioural model

A
  • disorders are the result of maladaptive learned behavour and problematic thinking
  • behavour and thinking interact and influence eachother
  • emotions and biological factors also interact with behaviour and cognition
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22
Q

behavioural perspective

A

based on learning principals from classical conditioning, operant conditioning and modelling

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23
Q

cognitive persective

A

maladaptice beliefs and illogical thinking processes cause distress

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24
Q

arbituary inferences

A

negative conclusions based on little evidence

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25
Q

selective perception

A

seeing negatice features of events

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26
Q

magnitifaction

A

exaggerating the importance of negative events

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27
Q

overgeneralization

A

broad, negative conclusions

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28
Q

psychological model

A
  • underlying perhaps unconscious psychological forces cause conflict
  • rooted in frudian
  • fixation : being trapped at an early stage of development due to traumatic childhood experinces
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29
Q

sociocultural model

A
  • societies characteristics creates stressors for some of its members
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30
Q

examples of social stressors (sociocultural model)

A
  • widespread social change
  • socio-economic class
  • cultural factos
  • social networks and supports
  • family systems
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31
Q

family systems theory

A

a theory holding that each family has its own implicit rules, relationship structure and communication patterns that shape the behavour of the individual members

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32
Q

developmental psychopathology model

A
  • study how problem behaviours evolve as a function of a person’s genes and early experiences and how these early issues affect the person at later life stages
    (basically combo of genes, biological makeup and enviroment)
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33
Q

risk factors

A

biological and enviromental facots that contribute to problem outcomes (psychomodel)

34
Q

Equifinality

A

the idea that different chuldren can start from different points and wind up at the same outcome (psychomodel)

35
Q

multifinality

A

idea that children can start from the same point and end up at different outcomes
(psychomodel)

36
Q

resilience

A

ability to recover from or avoid the serious effects of negativre circumstances
(psychomodel)

37
Q

mood disorders

A

persistent or. episodic disturbances in emotion that interfere with normal functioning in at least one realm of life

38
Q

depression

A

mood disorder
low, sad state in which people feel overwhelmed
- major depressive disorder is more severe than dysthymic disorder

39
Q

mania

A

elaiton and frenzied energy

- people with bipolar disorder or the less severe cyclothymic disorder also experinence mania

40
Q

major depressive disorder

A

a disorder characterized by a depressed mood that is significantly disabling and is not cuased by such factors as drugs or a general medical condition

  • the most common disorder in the united states
  • more common in women
  • suicide
41
Q

bipolar disorder

A

periods of mania alternate with periods of depression

42
Q

seasonal affective disorder SAD

A

winter seasons effect

43
Q

major depressive disorder symptoms

A
  • emotional
  • motivational
  • behavioural
  • cognitive (negative self-evaluation, pessimism, guilt)
  • physical (headaches, indigestion, sleep, eating, fatigue)
44
Q

neuroscientists explanation for major depressive disorder

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • low norepinephrine and serotonin activity
  • high cortisol
45
Q

sociocultural theorists explain major depressive disorder

A
  • social support

- stressors

46
Q

cognitive behavioural therapists explanation for major depressive disorder

A
  • learned helplessness
  • attribution-helplessness theory
  • negative thinking/dysfunction attitudes (illogical thinking process, automatic thoughts, beck’s cognitive triad)
47
Q

bipolar disorder

A
  • extreme highs and lows
  • formally manic depression
  • hypomania
  • manic episode
  • cylces with depression
  • lifetime prevalence 1%
    treatment: lithium
48
Q

symptoms of bipolar

A
  • emotional: powerful highs and lows
  • motivational: seek excitement and companionship
  • behavioural: may move and speak quickly
  • cognitive: poor judgement and planning, optimism, grandiosity
    physical: energetic, require little sleep
49
Q

neuroscientists explaination for bipolar

A

-gene abnormalitites
- irregulaeitites in ion that allow neurons to communicate
others:
- stress plus biological predisposition
- life events (failures)

50
Q

explaining mood disorders: the brain

A
  • hereditary factors
  • frontal lobe
  • amygdala
51
Q

explaining mood disorders: ther person

A
  • becks negative triad
  • learned helplessness
  • attributional style
52
Q

explaining mood disorders: the group

A
  • life stressors

- lack of social reinforcement

53
Q

treatment of depression

A
  • cognitive behavioural therapy CBT

- medication

54
Q

anxiety

A
  • the most common disorder in canada about 12% of adult population has it
  • disabling features of fear or anxiety that are frequent, severe, persistent or easily triggered
  • most people with one anxiety disorder experience another one as well
55
Q

generalized anxiety disorder GAD

A
  • anxiety under most life circumstances; diffuse worry
  • restlessness, edginess, easily tired, difficulty concentrating, sleep problems
  • women outnumber men 2:1
56
Q

Panic disorder

A
  • panic attacks
  • agoraphobia (busy, unpredictable situations= fear)
  • lifetime prevalence 3%
57
Q

explanations for GAD cognitive behavioural therapists

A
  • dysfunctional assumptions
  • assumption that one is in danger
  • intolerance of uncertainty theory:unwilling to accpet negative events
58
Q

explanations for GAD neuroscientists

A
  • malfunctioning GABA feedback system

- malfunctioning emotional brain circuit

59
Q

social anxiety disorder

A
  • more women than men, more poor than rich
  • 12% of population develop at some point
  • often begins in childhood
    key:
  • severe, persistent fear of embarrassment in social situations
  • may be narrow or broad
  • fear of talking in public
  • fear of functioning poorly in front of others
60
Q

explanation for social anxiety cognitive behavioural theorists

A
  • dysfunctional cognitions about social situations
  • unrealistically high social standards
  • view oneself as socially unattractive
  • socially unskilled
  • believe one is in danger is behaving poorly
61
Q

explainations for social anxiety phobias

A
  • classically conditioned fear
  • avoidance behaviours are reinforced through operant conditioning
  • modelling of fearful behaviour
62
Q

anxiety disorder: social phobia

A
  • lifetime prevalance 13%
63
Q

treatment of phobias

A
  • systematic desensitization

- drug treatment

64
Q

panic disorder

A

panic attack plus changes in thinking or behviour

  • may misinterpret panic as a sign of medical emergency
  • often accompanied ny agoraphobia
65
Q

explanations for panic disorder

A
  • malfunctioning brain circuit and excess norepinephrine
  • misinterpretation of bodily sensations
  • 21% of canadians over q5 have suffered from a panic attack
66
Q

obsessive- compulsive disorder

A
  • obsessions: persistent unwanted thoughts
  • wishes doubts impulses or images
  • compulsions: repetitive, rigid behaviour or mental acts
    often responses to obsessive thoughts performed to reduce or prevent anxiety
67
Q

neuroscientists explanation of OCD

A
  • low serotonin activity
  • overactive orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nuclei
  • cingulate cortex and hypothalamus activate the OCD impulses
  • amygdala drives the fear and anxiety components of the OCD response
68
Q

cognitive behavioural therapist explanation for OCD

A

learning that compulsice behaviour relieves distress

69
Q

PTSD key features

A

persistent depression, anxiety after a traumatic event
lasts more than a month may begin shortly after or years after the event
- hyperaltertness
- easily startled
- sleep disturbance
- guuilt, anxiety, depression, difficulty with concentration
- re-experiencing the event
- avoidance and emotional numbing

70
Q

Acute stress disorder

A

ASD

lasts less than a month and begins within four weeks of the event

71
Q

what causes PTSD

A

psychological traumatic events like rape, combat, natural disaters

72
Q

biological factors for PTSD

A
  • increased cortisol and norepinephrine
  • damaged hippocampus, amygdala
  • personality: anxious
  • childhood experiences
  • social and family support
  • cultural factors
73
Q

schizophrenia

A
  • strange movements
  • catatonia (extreme psychomotor sympoms)
  • stupor
  • rigidity
  • posturing
  • wavy flexibility
74
Q

neuroscientists explanations for schizophrenia

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • excessive dopamine activity
  • enlarged ventricles, small temporal lobes and frontal lobes, structural abnormalities of hippocampus, amygdala and thalamus
75
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A
  • disregards and violates the rights of others, impulsive, reckless, self-centered; linked to criminal behaviour
76
Q

explanations for antisocial personality disorder

A
  • modelling
  • operant conditioning
  • low serotonin activity
  • deficient functioning in the frontal lobes
  • lower arousal to stress and less anxiety
77
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

unstable mood, self-image, high volatity

78
Q

explanation for borderline personality disorder

A
  • biosocial theory

child has dificulty identifying and controlling emotions, and the emotions are punished or disregarded

79
Q

multiple personality disorder

A
  • extreme type of disspciation
  • associated with stress or trauma
  • abuse war disaster
    treatment:
  • therapy
  • meds
80
Q

dissociative disorders

A

major disruptions in memory

  • dissociative amnesia:unable to remember important info abotu a traumatic event
  • dissociative fugue: forgetting ones personal idenity
  • dissociative identity disorder: two or more distinct personalities

Psych 201 (7 decks)

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