Midterm 4 Flashcards
DSM-5
diagnostic and statistical; manual of mental disorders
psychological disorder def
presence of contellation of symptoms that create significant distress; impair work, school, family, relationships, or daily living or lead to significant risk of harm.
symptoms of a psychological disorder
- cognitive
- emotional
- behavioural
ABC model
abnormal psychology def
scientific study of psycholofical disorders
- no universal definition of what is abnormal behaviour
what are the 4 D’s?
agreed upon feature of having a psychological disorder
deviance- behaviour, thoughts, emotions are unusual and socially unacceptable
- destress- to the person or close to others
- dysfunction- interference with daily functioning
- danger
canadian stats
anxiety disorder 12.2% mood disorder 6.7% eating disorder 2.5% scizorphrenia 0.3% deaths from sucide (2% of all deaths)
ways of classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders
- International classifiation of diseases (ICD-10)
- used by most countries published by WHO
diagnostic and statisical manual od mental disorder (DSM-V)
- manual used in North America
- provides sympoms for all 400 disorders
classification of disorders
- neurodevelopmental disorders
- neurocognitive disorders
- substance related and addictive disorders
- schizophrenia-spectrum and other psychotic disorders
depressive disorders - bipolar and related
- anxiety
- obsessive-compulsive
- somatic symptoms
-dissociatve - feeding and eating
- sexual
- gender
- paraphilic
- sleep-wake
- disruptive, impulse control
- personality
is eccentricity abnormal
we often look for these type of people for entertainment and shows but if in public often frowned
what explains abnormality (brain)
- genes
- neurotransmitters
- brain structure and function
- diathesis (predisposition to a disorder)
what explains abnormality (the person)
- classical and operant conditioning
- cognitive biases
- emotions
what explains abnormality (the group)
- culture
- social labelling
- social factors can lead to diagnotic bias
Being sane in insane places
- 8 pseudo-patients claimed to hear voices
- addmitted to psychiatric hospitals
- stopped reporting symptoms
- normal behaviour were interpreted as pathlogical
- doctors rarely responded to questions
- many real patients were not fooled
neuroscience model
- views disorders as illness caused by a malfunctioning brain
factors contributed to biological dysfunction
(neuroscience model)
- genetic inheritance
- mood disorders, schizophrenia, mental retardation, alzheimer’s
- too many or not enough neurotransmitters
- insufficient norepinephrine and serotonin in depression
neuroscience model viral infection
- fetal or childhood exposure and schizophrenia
exposure levels
neuroscience model hormones
excess cortisol in depression
neuroscience model specific brain structure abnormalities
huntington’s disease and loss of cells in the striatum
neuroscience model criticism
- does not take into account additional facots such as stress, experiences
antisocial disorders and the brain
wayne gacy murdered at least 33 boys and young men between 1972 and 1978
- postmortem exaimintations have not reveleaced clear links between abnormal brain structure and the extreme antisocial patterns exhibited by gacy and other serial killers
cognitive behavioural model
- disorders are the result of maladaptive learned behavour and problematic thinking
- behavour and thinking interact and influence eachother
- emotions and biological factors also interact with behaviour and cognition
behavioural perspective
based on learning principals from classical conditioning, operant conditioning and modelling
cognitive persective
maladaptice beliefs and illogical thinking processes cause distress
arbituary inferences
negative conclusions based on little evidence
selective perception
seeing negatice features of events
magnitifaction
exaggerating the importance of negative events
overgeneralization
broad, negative conclusions
psychological model
- underlying perhaps unconscious psychological forces cause conflict
- rooted in frudian
- fixation : being trapped at an early stage of development due to traumatic childhood experinces
sociocultural model
- societies characteristics creates stressors for some of its members
examples of social stressors (sociocultural model)
- widespread social change
- socio-economic class
- cultural factos
- social networks and supports
- family systems
family systems theory
a theory holding that each family has its own implicit rules, relationship structure and communication patterns that shape the behavour of the individual members
developmental psychopathology model
- study how problem behaviours evolve as a function of a person’s genes and early experiences and how these early issues affect the person at later life stages
(basically combo of genes, biological makeup and enviroment)
risk factors
biological and enviromental facots that contribute to problem outcomes (psychomodel)
Equifinality
the idea that different chuldren can start from different points and wind up at the same outcome (psychomodel)
multifinality
idea that children can start from the same point and end up at different outcomes
(psychomodel)
resilience
ability to recover from or avoid the serious effects of negativre circumstances
(psychomodel)
mood disorders
persistent or. episodic disturbances in emotion that interfere with normal functioning in at least one realm of life
depression
mood disorder
low, sad state in which people feel overwhelmed
- major depressive disorder is more severe than dysthymic disorder
mania
elaiton and frenzied energy
- people with bipolar disorder or the less severe cyclothymic disorder also experinence mania
major depressive disorder
a disorder characterized by a depressed mood that is significantly disabling and is not cuased by such factors as drugs or a general medical condition
- the most common disorder in the united states
- more common in women
- suicide
bipolar disorder
periods of mania alternate with periods of depression
seasonal affective disorder SAD
winter seasons effect
major depressive disorder symptoms
- emotional
- motivational
- behavioural
- cognitive (negative self-evaluation, pessimism, guilt)
- physical (headaches, indigestion, sleep, eating, fatigue)
neuroscientists explanation for major depressive disorder
- genetic predisposition
- low norepinephrine and serotonin activity
- high cortisol
sociocultural theorists explain major depressive disorder
- social support
- stressors
cognitive behavioural therapists explanation for major depressive disorder
- learned helplessness
- attribution-helplessness theory
- negative thinking/dysfunction attitudes (illogical thinking process, automatic thoughts, beck’s cognitive triad)
bipolar disorder
- extreme highs and lows
- formally manic depression
- hypomania
- manic episode
- cylces with depression
- lifetime prevalence 1%
treatment: lithium
symptoms of bipolar
- emotional: powerful highs and lows
- motivational: seek excitement and companionship
- behavioural: may move and speak quickly
- cognitive: poor judgement and planning, optimism, grandiosity
physical: energetic, require little sleep
neuroscientists explaination for bipolar
-gene abnormalitites
- irregulaeitites in ion that allow neurons to communicate
others:
- stress plus biological predisposition
- life events (failures)
explaining mood disorders: the brain
- hereditary factors
- frontal lobe
- amygdala
explaining mood disorders: ther person
- becks negative triad
- learned helplessness
- attributional style
explaining mood disorders: the group
- life stressors
- lack of social reinforcement
treatment of depression
- cognitive behavioural therapy CBT
- medication
anxiety
- the most common disorder in canada about 12% of adult population has it
- disabling features of fear or anxiety that are frequent, severe, persistent or easily triggered
- most people with one anxiety disorder experience another one as well
generalized anxiety disorder GAD
- anxiety under most life circumstances; diffuse worry
- restlessness, edginess, easily tired, difficulty concentrating, sleep problems
- women outnumber men 2:1
Panic disorder
- panic attacks
- agoraphobia (busy, unpredictable situations= fear)
- lifetime prevalence 3%
explanations for GAD cognitive behavioural therapists
- dysfunctional assumptions
- assumption that one is in danger
- intolerance of uncertainty theory:unwilling to accpet negative events
explanations for GAD neuroscientists
- malfunctioning GABA feedback system
- malfunctioning emotional brain circuit
social anxiety disorder
- more women than men, more poor than rich
- 12% of population develop at some point
- often begins in childhood
key: - severe, persistent fear of embarrassment in social situations
- may be narrow or broad
- fear of talking in public
- fear of functioning poorly in front of others
explanation for social anxiety cognitive behavioural theorists
- dysfunctional cognitions about social situations
- unrealistically high social standards
- view oneself as socially unattractive
- socially unskilled
- believe one is in danger is behaving poorly
explainations for social anxiety phobias
- classically conditioned fear
- avoidance behaviours are reinforced through operant conditioning
- modelling of fearful behaviour
anxiety disorder: social phobia
- lifetime prevalance 13%
treatment of phobias
- systematic desensitization
- drug treatment
panic disorder
panic attack plus changes in thinking or behviour
- may misinterpret panic as a sign of medical emergency
- often accompanied ny agoraphobia
explanations for panic disorder
- malfunctioning brain circuit and excess norepinephrine
- misinterpretation of bodily sensations
- 21% of canadians over q5 have suffered from a panic attack
obsessive- compulsive disorder
- obsessions: persistent unwanted thoughts
- wishes doubts impulses or images
- compulsions: repetitive, rigid behaviour or mental acts
often responses to obsessive thoughts performed to reduce or prevent anxiety
neuroscientists explanation of OCD
- low serotonin activity
- overactive orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nuclei
- cingulate cortex and hypothalamus activate the OCD impulses
- amygdala drives the fear and anxiety components of the OCD response
cognitive behavioural therapist explanation for OCD
learning that compulsice behaviour relieves distress
PTSD key features
persistent depression, anxiety after a traumatic event
lasts more than a month may begin shortly after or years after the event
- hyperaltertness
- easily startled
- sleep disturbance
- guuilt, anxiety, depression, difficulty with concentration
- re-experiencing the event
- avoidance and emotional numbing
Acute stress disorder
ASD
lasts less than a month and begins within four weeks of the event
what causes PTSD
psychological traumatic events like rape, combat, natural disaters
biological factors for PTSD
- increased cortisol and norepinephrine
- damaged hippocampus, amygdala
- personality: anxious
- childhood experiences
- social and family support
- cultural factors
schizophrenia
- strange movements
- catatonia (extreme psychomotor sympoms)
- stupor
- rigidity
- posturing
- wavy flexibility
neuroscientists explanations for schizophrenia
- genetic predisposition
- excessive dopamine activity
- enlarged ventricles, small temporal lobes and frontal lobes, structural abnormalities of hippocampus, amygdala and thalamus
antisocial personality disorder
- disregards and violates the rights of others, impulsive, reckless, self-centered; linked to criminal behaviour
explanations for antisocial personality disorder
- modelling
- operant conditioning
- low serotonin activity
- deficient functioning in the frontal lobes
- lower arousal to stress and less anxiety
borderline personality disorder
unstable mood, self-image, high volatity
explanation for borderline personality disorder
- biosocial theory
child has dificulty identifying and controlling emotions, and the emotions are punished or disregarded
multiple personality disorder
- extreme type of disspciation
- associated with stress or trauma
- abuse war disaster
treatment: - therapy
- meds
dissociative disorders
major disruptions in memory
- dissociative amnesia:unable to remember important info abotu a traumatic event
- dissociative fugue: forgetting ones personal idenity
- dissociative identity disorder: two or more distinct personalities
