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Psych 201 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the drive reduction theory

A

Based on maintaining homeostasis/equalibrium. When an outside factor alters the balance there is a drive to correct it.

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2
Q

example of drive reduction theory

A

when the body hets up, you sweat. In addition, you may take off layers of clothing to speed up the process to maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

what is the arousal theory

A

the need to keep the body at an appropriate state of arousal

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4
Q

example of arousal theory

A

seeking celeb gossip purely out of curiosity it elevates arousal and interest

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5
Q

what is the Yerkes Dodson law

A

arousal increases performance too a point, then if more arousal is added it will hinder performance

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6
Q

example of Yerkes Dodsons law

A

different tasks require optimal level of arousal. hard tasks require concentration and a relative low to medium states of arousal. finishing a paper eill work better if the deadline isn’t hindering concentration. reading long txt book chapters is better with stimulation like snacks, stretches etc.

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7
Q

what is the incentive theory

A

the influence outside factors play on reward to explain motivation

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8
Q

example of incentive theory

A

public acclaim or financial awards to do something risky like base jumping

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9
Q

what are primary incentives & example of both reward and punishment

A

they are those that influence behaviour that we do not have to learn. such as taste in food is rewarding and pain is primary punishment

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10
Q

what is secondary incentive & example

A

learned behaviour (reward) because of the relationship it ties with another thing. working hard for money is a learned incentive

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11
Q

what is incentive salience

A

how noticeable or important a particular incentive is to us they can change and become more or less important over time

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12
Q

what is an opiate

A

like endorphins, opiates are natural and contribute to feelings of pleasure

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13
Q

example of release of opiate

A

long distance running releases opiates and that is called the runners high. food and sex

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14
Q

where do rewarding stimuli target the brain then where does the stimulus go

A

in the ventral tegmental area. the axons of these neurons project to the nucleus accumbes and prefrontal cortex which activate pleasure

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15
Q

what is lepin

A

it is released from fat cells as they grow larger. when the brain senses high levels of lepin, we loose urge to eat

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16
Q

which areas of the brain is associated with hunger

A

the lateral hypothalamus & nucleus accumbens

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17
Q

Qualitative Change

A

Whole stages. When the caterpillar becomes the butterfly

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18
Q

Quantitative Change

A

gradual increases of growth.

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19
Q

Critical period

A

point in development in which an individual is extremely sensitive to a [articular environmental input that’ll either encourage or discourage certain brain functions for the rest of time. They are better called sensitive periods because some of the lost brain function can be at lease partially recovered

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20
Q

Sensitive period

A

critical period. Psychologists better like the term because the brain is recoverable to a certain degree

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21
Q

Germinal stage stages

A

conception. Where the egg is fertilized, it then travels down the fallopian tubes to be implanted in the uterine lining which will trigger the development of the placenta

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22
Q

Embryonic stage stages

A

rapid growth, the basic systems of the body are beginning to develop. This stage is where the embryo is most vulnerable to miscarriage, the head will grow faster than the body

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23
Q

fetal stage stages

A

Rapid growth occurs, especially last 3 months. 8-birth weeks.

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24
Q

What does prenatal development include

A
  1. germinal stage conception- 2 weeks,
  2. embryonic stage 2-8 weeks
  3. fetal stage 8- 40 weeks
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25
Q

what was the use of strange situation

A

to find attachement relationship between toddlers and mom. the researchers are most interested in how willing the kid is to explore when mom is around and how the baby reacts when the mom returns

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26
Q

steps of strange situation

A
  1. baby and mom enter unfamiliar room, baby is playing nearby mom
  2. stranger enters room, talks with mom and tries to interact with the kid
  3. the mom leaves the kid with the stranger
  4. mom comes back then the stranger leaves
  5. the mom leaves the kid alone in the room
  6. stranger comes back in to comfort the kid if in distress
  7. mom enters, stranger leaves
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27
Q

authoritative parent = what kid 4

A

high self-esteem. cooperative, self-control, social maturity

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28
Q

authoritarian parent = what kid

A

low self-esteem, anxious, unhappy, often angry, aggressive

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29
Q

permissive parent = what kid

A

impulsive, disobedient, over dependent on adults, low initiative

30
Q

uninvolved parent = what kid

A

anxious, poor communication skills, anti-social

31
Q

what are the 4 types of parenting styles

A

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved

32
Q

what areas of he brain is myelination concentrated in children

A

they are concentrated in association regions. they coordinate activities and operations of other areas of the brain. This is like putting together different senses to figure out what the object is. like smell, sight, etc

33
Q

assimilation def

A

one of two ways of acquiring knowledge, the inclusion of new information into existing schemes

34
Q

accommodation def

A

alteration of existing frameworks to take in new information

35
Q

epigenetic def

A

changes in gene expression that are independent of the DNA sequence

36
Q

proximodistal pattern

A

pattern of growth in which the growth happens from the internal to the extremedes (the hands grow slower or not as fast as the organs)

37
Q

cohert-sequential design

A

blended cross-sectional and longitudinal. Look at different groups of people and how they compare to one another then follow them throughout life.

38
Q

habituation

A

person/people pay less attention to a stimulus if it is repeated

39
Q

longitudinal research

A

researching the same participants over years at different times

40
Q

cross-sectional

A

researching different participants at different ages during one time

41
Q

cross-sectional design advantages & disadvantages

A

ad: fast, inexpensive, yields info on differences based on age
dis: cannot explain how a change occurred, cannot separate cohort effects form age effects, cannot control for outside variables

42
Q

longitudinal research advantages and disadvantages

A

ad: reliable info on trait stability, over life-span, gives info about effects of early experiences, eliminates outside factors
dis: takes a long time, participants drop out, cohort effects, expensive

43
Q

Mesoderm

A

skeleton, muscle, blood, connective tissue

44
Q

ecoderm

A

nervous system, outer layers of skin

45
Q

endoderm

A

respiratory sys and digestive tract

46
Q

cephalocaudal

A

growth from top to bottom (head grows faster than the torso and feet)

47
Q

Name the9 reflexes kid is born with

A 
rooting
, stepping, 
sucking, 
startle (moro),
 babinski, 
palmar grasp, 
swimming, 
tonic neck,
 eye blink
48
Q

rooting reflex and week

A

stroke the side of the face and it will move towards, will move towards nipple or if something close to mouth 4 weeks

49
Q

Babinski reflex and week

A

stoke the bottom of foot and the toes spread, 1 yr

50
Q

sensimotor stage

A 
0-2yr
perceptions and actions are key
learn from senses and motor actions
no symbolic representations of objects
start to develop objects permanence
imitate facial expressions
51
Q

what was the baby math experiment

A

to see if babys show appreciation of addition and subtraction. when the screen dropped there should of been 2 objects, but the babies were surprised to only see one. as young as 9 month children

52
Q

preoperational stage

A 
2-7 yr
-use of symbols to represent objects 
-egocentrism
unable to conserve 
-animism
- centration (one aspect of a problem, ignoring the rest of it)
- appearance vs reality 
-irreversibility (one direction only)
53
Q

concrete operational stage

A

7-12 yr

  • develop ability to hold an idea in their minds and manipulate it
  • complex relationships but limited to understanding ideas about real world relationships
  • conservation (volume of water ex)
  • classification
  • no abstract reasoning
54
Q

formal operational stage

A

11-12 yr

  • hypothetical thinking
  • deductive reasoning
  • systematic problem solving
  • abstract concepts
55
Q

Information processing theory

A

use of operant conditioning and habituation to test for learning and remembering
- operant conditioning is the use of rewards
SHOWS that cognitive development involves fewer qualitative changes than Piaget believed

56
Q

Sociocultural theory Vygotskys

A

social interaction is vital for children’s development

  • best learn in a zone of proximal development
  • best learn from scaffolding
  • language is important
57
Q

Motivation def

A

link between a persons internal condition and external behaviour
- internal, cannot be directly observed, can stem from deep psychological need or compolex desires

58
Q

the 5 types of motivation theories

A
  1. instinct
  2. drive reduction
  3. arousal
  4. incentive
  5. hierarchy of needs
59
Q

instinct theory of motivaiton

A

hardwired, automatic response to particular stimuli

60
Q

affiliation

A

the need to form attachments to other people for support, guidance and protection

61
Q

amotivation

A

without motivation. the feeling of lack of competence, autonomy and relatedness

62
Q

approach motivation/avoidance motivation

A

desire to experience positive outcomes or feelings from our behaviours. Preferred way to attain personal goals in western society

feeling to avoid physical or social experiences that may have a negative outcome

63
Q

what is maslows theory of motivation

A

he proposed a hiearvhy of needs in which each level must be fulfilled in order to go on to the next.

64
Q

facial feedback theory

A

the brain uses facial feedback from facial muscles to recognize emotions

65
Q

cognitive appraisal

A

personal interpretation of a situation that ultimately influences to which extent to which the situation is perceived as stressful

66
Q

james-lange theory

A

psychological reaction -> emotion

67
Q

cannon-bard theory

A

emotion & psychological arousal happen simultaneously

68
Q

cognitive- meditational theory of emotion

A

cognitive interpretations

Emotions are determined by our appraisals of the stimulus

69
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

motivation due to outside factors.being paid to do a job

70
Q

2 factor theory

A

emotional state is a function of both psychological arousal and cognition

71
Q

self-determination theory

A

competence, relatedness, and autonomy are instinctive and that they give purpose and meaning to life

Psych 201 (7 decks)

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