Midterm 1 Flashcards
What is the drive reduction theory
Based on maintaining homeostasis/equalibrium. When an outside factor alters the balance there is a drive to correct it.
example of drive reduction theory
when the body hets up, you sweat. In addition, you may take off layers of clothing to speed up the process to maintain homeostasis
what is the arousal theory
the need to keep the body at an appropriate state of arousal
example of arousal theory
seeking celeb gossip purely out of curiosity it elevates arousal and interest
what is the Yerkes Dodson law
arousal increases performance too a point, then if more arousal is added it will hinder performance
example of Yerkes Dodsons law
different tasks require optimal level of arousal. hard tasks require concentration and a relative low to medium states of arousal. finishing a paper eill work better if the deadline isn’t hindering concentration. reading long txt book chapters is better with stimulation like snacks, stretches etc.
what is the incentive theory
the influence outside factors play on reward to explain motivation
example of incentive theory
public acclaim or financial awards to do something risky like base jumping
what are primary incentives & example of both reward and punishment
they are those that influence behaviour that we do not have to learn. such as taste in food is rewarding and pain is primary punishment
what is secondary incentive & example
learned behaviour (reward) because of the relationship it ties with another thing. working hard for money is a learned incentive
what is incentive salience
how noticeable or important a particular incentive is to us they can change and become more or less important over time
what is an opiate
like endorphins, opiates are natural and contribute to feelings of pleasure
example of release of opiate
long distance running releases opiates and that is called the runners high. food and sex
where do rewarding stimuli target the brain then where does the stimulus go
in the ventral tegmental area. the axons of these neurons project to the nucleus accumbes and prefrontal cortex which activate pleasure
what is lepin
it is released from fat cells as they grow larger. when the brain senses high levels of lepin, we loose urge to eat
which areas of the brain is associated with hunger
the lateral hypothalamus & nucleus accumbens
Qualitative Change
Whole stages. When the caterpillar becomes the butterfly
Quantitative Change
gradual increases of growth.
Critical period
point in development in which an individual is extremely sensitive to a [articular environmental input that’ll either encourage or discourage certain brain functions for the rest of time. They are better called sensitive periods because some of the lost brain function can be at lease partially recovered
Sensitive period
critical period. Psychologists better like the term because the brain is recoverable to a certain degree
Germinal stage stages
conception. Where the egg is fertilized, it then travels down the fallopian tubes to be implanted in the uterine lining which will trigger the development of the placenta
Embryonic stage stages
rapid growth, the basic systems of the body are beginning to develop. This stage is where the embryo is most vulnerable to miscarriage, the head will grow faster than the body
fetal stage stages
Rapid growth occurs, especially last 3 months. 8-birth weeks.
What does prenatal development include
- germinal stage conception- 2 weeks,
- embryonic stage 2-8 weeks
- fetal stage 8- 40 weeks
what was the use of strange situation
to find attachement relationship between toddlers and mom. the researchers are most interested in how willing the kid is to explore when mom is around and how the baby reacts when the mom returns
steps of strange situation
- baby and mom enter unfamiliar room, baby is playing nearby mom
- stranger enters room, talks with mom and tries to interact with the kid
- the mom leaves the kid with the stranger
- mom comes back then the stranger leaves
- the mom leaves the kid alone in the room
- stranger comes back in to comfort the kid if in distress
- mom enters, stranger leaves
authoritative parent = what kid 4
high self-esteem. cooperative, self-control, social maturity
authoritarian parent = what kid
low self-esteem, anxious, unhappy, often angry, aggressive
permissive parent = what kid
impulsive, disobedient, over dependent on adults, low initiative
uninvolved parent = what kid
anxious, poor communication skills, anti-social
what are the 4 types of parenting styles
authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved
what areas of he brain is myelination concentrated in children
they are concentrated in association regions. they coordinate activities and operations of other areas of the brain. This is like putting together different senses to figure out what the object is. like smell, sight, etc
assimilation def
one of two ways of acquiring knowledge, the inclusion of new information into existing schemes
accommodation def
alteration of existing frameworks to take in new information
epigenetic def
changes in gene expression that are independent of the DNA sequence
proximodistal pattern
pattern of growth in which the growth happens from the internal to the extremedes (the hands grow slower or not as fast as the organs)
cohert-sequential design
blended cross-sectional and longitudinal. Look at different groups of people and how they compare to one another then follow them throughout life.
habituation
person/people pay less attention to a stimulus if it is repeated
longitudinal research
researching the same participants over years at different times
cross-sectional
researching different participants at different ages during one time
cross-sectional design advantages & disadvantages
ad: fast, inexpensive, yields info on differences based on age
dis: cannot explain how a change occurred, cannot separate cohort effects form age effects, cannot control for outside variables
longitudinal research advantages and disadvantages
ad: reliable info on trait stability, over life-span, gives info about effects of early experiences, eliminates outside factors
dis: takes a long time, participants drop out, cohort effects, expensive
Mesoderm
skeleton, muscle, blood, connective tissue
ecoderm
nervous system, outer layers of skin
endoderm
respiratory sys and digestive tract
cephalocaudal
growth from top to bottom (head grows faster than the torso and feet)
Name the9 reflexes kid is born with
rooting , stepping, sucking, startle (moro), babinski, palmar grasp, swimming, tonic neck, eye blink
rooting reflex and week
stroke the side of the face and it will move towards, will move towards nipple or if something close to mouth 4 weeks
Babinski reflex and week
stoke the bottom of foot and the toes spread, 1 yr
sensimotor stage
0-2yr perceptions and actions are key learn from senses and motor actions no symbolic representations of objects start to develop objects permanence imitate facial expressions
what was the baby math experiment
to see if babys show appreciation of addition and subtraction. when the screen dropped there should of been 2 objects, but the babies were surprised to only see one. as young as 9 month children
preoperational stage
2-7 yr -use of symbols to represent objects -egocentrism unable to conserve -animism - centration (one aspect of a problem, ignoring the rest of it) - appearance vs reality -irreversibility (one direction only)
concrete operational stage
7-12 yr
- develop ability to hold an idea in their minds and manipulate it
- complex relationships but limited to understanding ideas about real world relationships
- conservation (volume of water ex)
- classification
- no abstract reasoning
formal operational stage
11-12 yr
- hypothetical thinking
- deductive reasoning
- systematic problem solving
- abstract concepts
Information processing theory
use of operant conditioning and habituation to test for learning and remembering
- operant conditioning is the use of rewards
SHOWS that cognitive development involves fewer qualitative changes than Piaget believed
Sociocultural theory Vygotskys
social interaction is vital for children’s development
- best learn in a zone of proximal development
- best learn from scaffolding
- language is important
Motivation def
link between a persons internal condition and external behaviour
- internal, cannot be directly observed, can stem from deep psychological need or compolex desires
the 5 types of motivation theories
- instinct
- drive reduction
- arousal
- incentive
- hierarchy of needs
instinct theory of motivaiton
hardwired, automatic response to particular stimuli
affiliation
the need to form attachments to other people for support, guidance and protection
amotivation
without motivation. the feeling of lack of competence, autonomy and relatedness
approach motivation/avoidance motivation
desire to experience positive outcomes or feelings from our behaviours. Preferred way to attain personal goals in western society
feeling to avoid physical or social experiences that may have a negative outcome
what is maslows theory of motivation
he proposed a hiearvhy of needs in which each level must be fulfilled in order to go on to the next.
facial feedback theory
the brain uses facial feedback from facial muscles to recognize emotions
cognitive appraisal
personal interpretation of a situation that ultimately influences to which extent to which the situation is perceived as stressful
james-lange theory
psychological reaction -> emotion
cannon-bard theory
emotion & psychological arousal happen simultaneously
cognitive- meditational theory of emotion
cognitive interpretations
Emotions are determined by our appraisals of the stimulus
extrinsic motivation
motivation due to outside factors.being paid to do a job
2 factor theory
emotional state is a function of both psychological arousal and cognition
self-determination theory
competence, relatedness, and autonomy are instinctive and that they give purpose and meaning to life
