midterm 3 Flashcards
social psychology def
area of psych that seeks to understand, explain, and predict how peoples thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.
social cognition def
the way in which people perceive and interpret themselves and others in their social world.
attitude def
relatively stable and enduring evaluations of things and people
the three parts to the ABC model & def
affective component
behavioural component
cogntiive component
a model proposing that attitudes have three components
cognitive dissonance
state of emotional discomfort people experience when they hold two contradictory beliefs or hold a belief that contradicts their behaviour
self-perception theory
theory suggesting that when people are uncertain of their attitudes, they infer what the attitudes are observing of their own behaviour
implicit attitudes
an attitude in which a person is unaware of
stereotype
fixed overgeneralized and oversimplified beliefs about a person or a group of people based on assumptions about the group.
the milgrim study
- no participant stopped administering shocks before the 300-volt mark
- the vast majority (65%) continued to administer shocks to the highest level (450v)
- inclined to obey authority even if it means behaving in ways we normally would not
- increasing shocks for errors
factors that reduce obedience 4
- salience of a victims suffering
- proximity or closeness to the victim
- responsibility (placing the learners hand on the shock plate)
- modelling a non-obedient person
what are attitudes
long lasting patterns of feelings and beliefs about other people, ideas, or objects
- based on ones past experiences
- shape ones future behaviour
social cognition
how people perceive, interpret, and categorize their own and others social behaviours
attitude def
relatively stable and enduring elevations of things and people
A portion of the ABC model or attitudes
the affective component- how we FEEL towards the object
B portion of the ABC model of attitudes
the behavioural component- how we behave toward the object
the C portion of the ABC model of attitudes
the cognitive component- what we believe about the object
how are attitudes developed
beliefs develop early though socialization by parents, peers, media, and teachers.
how do attitudes change?
- attitudes can change to justify behaviours
changing attitude about global warming to justify why you recycle
how are attitudes formed?
- classical conditioning
- operant condiitoning
- observational learning
classical conditioning
a form of associative learning between two previously unrelated stimuli that results in a learned response.
operant conditioning
a form of associative learning whereby behaviour is modified depending on its consequences.
an attitude is more likely to shape behaviour when it 5
- is strong
- relatively stable
- directly relevant to the behaviour
- important
- easily accessed from memory
can we predict behaviour from attitudes? depends upon 3
- situational forces
- individual characteristics
- specific versus global measurements
attitude specificity
- the more specific an attitude the more likely it is to predict behaviour
attitudes strength
stronger attitudes predict behaviour more accurately than weak or vague attitudes
are attitudes related to how they actually behave
not necessarily
social desirability
attitudes that mirror what we think others desire in a person
implicit attitude
an attitude of which the person is unaware
how to change explicit attitudes
guided exposure to groups toward which prejudiced beliefs are held works best
to change implicit attitudes
fear reduction and emotion-focused interventions are best to reduce implicit attitudes
who are festinger and carlsmith
the $1 vs $20 money experiment
dissonance theory
reducing mismatch between behaviours and feelings
- attempts to reduce cognitive dissonance when people who are not generally immoral act immorally
examples of ways to reduce cognitive dissonance 4
- change how they understand their immoral act
- minimize their responsibility for it
- disregard the negative consequences
- blame and dehumanize the victims
festingers cognitive dissonance theory
emotional discomfort as a result of holding contradictory beliefs or holding a belief that contradicts behaviour
- we change our beliefs to justify (or match) our actions
festingers cognitive dissonance theory levels depends on what
- do you have a choice? (personal responsibility)
- is there a good reason to engage in the behaviour
three ways to reduce cognitive dissonance festingers
- indirect strategies
- direct strategies
- trivialize inconsistensies
self perception theory
suggests that when people are uncertain of their own attitudes they infer what their attitudes are by observing their own behaviour
two routes to persuasion
- central
- peripheral
central route
- focus on content, factual information. logic to change attitudes
peripheral route
- focus on superficial info to change attitudes
(attractive spokesperson
what are the three persuasion strategies
- foot in the door
- door in the face
- appeals to fear
foo tin the door persuasion strategy
commitment/consistency
- get them to agree to something small so they will agree to something larger later
door in the face persuasion strategy
- reciprocity
- ask for something very big knowing you will get turned down, but then ask for the smaller iteam you really wanted
appeals to fear persuasion strategy
- ads make it seem like something bad will happen if you do not comply
what are the three aspects to persuasion process
- communicator
- message
- audience
communicator 3
- gives a message through a particular channel to audience
- communicator credibility is key
- how believable we perceive the communicator to be
components of the communicator 2
- expertise and trustworthiness
- similarity and liking
components of the message 2
- two-sided approaches are most effective, they’re perceived as less biased
- use of fear in messages
audience components in persuasion
- central route- think carefully about the message and find arguments compelling
- peripheral route- influenced by other factors than message arguments
the audience protection against persuasion 4
- high vs low self-monitoring
- self-esteem
- need for cognition
- dogmatism
social identity theory
- in-group
- out-group
discrimination
treating people unfairly based on group to which they belong
prejudice in canada
- overt racism and sexism has decreased in both Canada and the USA
- these have always been and continue to be lower in Canada
- many Canadians have some implicit negative attitudes towards blacks
there has been a long history in Canada of prejudice towards indigenous
contributors to stereotypes and prejudice 3 long
categorize based on similarities
- provides info on who we are (in-group)
evolutionary perspective: stereotypes and prejudice may have had some adaptive value
- early humans needed to quickly identify other figures as friends or foes
- pre-wired to perceive different groups as inferior
realistic conflict theory
contributors to stereotypes and prejudice
- amount of actual conflict between groups determines the amount of prejudice between groups
- conflict arises because of scarce materials
social idenity theory
contributor to stereotypes and prejudice
- emphasizes social cognitive factors in the onset of prejudice
- social categorization, social identity
categorization and “us-them” thinking
- leads to perception of in-groups and out-groups
- leads to in-group favouritism and out group derogation
- leads to out-group homogeneity bias
(robbers cave study)
the two ways prejudice confirms itself
- self-fulfilling prophecies
- stereotype threat (a phenomenon in which people in a particular group perform poorly because they fear that their performance will conform to a negative stereotype associated with that group.)
self-sulfilling propgecies
one way how prejudice confirms itself,
the discriminatory behaviour causes others to behave in a way that confirms our stereotypes
stereotype threat
one way how prejudice confirms itself
- stereotypes create self-consciousness and a fear that they will live up to others stereotypes
a phenomenon in which people in a particular group perform poorly because they fear that their performance will conform to a negative stereotype associated with that group.
contact hypothesis 5
way of combating prejudice
- increase awareness of similarities
- information inconsistent with stereotypes
- challenge out-group homogeneity
- recategorize
- jigsaw classroom
attribution
an explanation for the cuase of an event or behaviour
internal (personal) attributions
- peoples behaviour is caused by their own charactersists
situational (external) attributions
aspects of the situation cuase behaviour
attributions factors 3
- consistency (is it stable over time)
- distinctiveness (apply to this situation or all situations
- consensus (do others agree)
self-serving bias
type of attributional bias
- more personal attributions for success
- more situational attributions for failures
- strength depends on psychological state
belief in a just world
type of attributional bias
- blaming the victim
correspondence bias
type of attributional bias
AKA fundamental attributional error
- when explaining others behaviour, having the tendency to
- underestimate impact of situational factors
- over estimate role of personal factors
norms def
social rules about how members of a society are expected to act
what do social norms provide
- order and predictability
group
deindividuation
- an organized, stable collection of individuals in which the members are aware of and influence one another and share a common identify
group dynamics
how membership or participation in a group influences our thoughts and behaviours
social role
a set of norms ascribed to a persons social position negative effect- people are often limited by their prescribed social roles
postitive effect- society functions smoothly
descriptive norms
agreed-on expectations about what members of a group do
injunctive nroms
agreeded-on expectatoin of a group ought to do
conformity
the tendency to yield to soical pressure
what was the asch study
the different sized lines were presented and someone was asked to match the card A to one of the three lines on card B. the more people that said the wrong answer infront of the subject, the more likely to conform.
- found that conformity effect is not strong when the group size is less than 4 members
factors that effect conformity ASCH
ASCH study
- group size
- presence of a dissenter
- type of culture (individualistic vs collective culture)
the six principals of compliance
- friendship/liking
- commitment/consistency
- scarcity
- reciprocity
- social validation
- authority
decision making in groups 5
- majority win rule
- truth-win rule (trying to distill the real truth)
- group polarization (we are right you are wrong idea)
- groupthink (strong leader pushing ideas, russia, nk)
- heterogeneous vs homogenous groups
social loafing
except less effort in a group task than one would in an individual task
- more common in large groups
- less likely in cohesive groups
- western culture display more than eastern
- more men than more women
social facilitation
bringing the best out of you, feeling inspired
altruism
selfless acts
what were the key factors of he katherine genovese murder
- bystander effect
- evalutaition apprehension
- diffusion of responsibilty
interpersonal attraction
- cognitive, affective, behavioural
key factors to liking somone 5
- similarity
- proximity
- self-disclosure
- situational factors
- physcial attractiveness
evolutionary explanation for gender differences in attraction
- facial symetry
- facial charactersists
- hip to waist ratio
sternbergs triangular model of love
- passion
- intimacy
- commitment
what are the stages of a loving relationship
- exploration stage try out possible rewards and costs of a relationship
- bargaining stage they implicitly negotiate the terms of the relationship
- institutionalization stage shared expectations emerge and the relationships is exclusive
types of relationships
secure attachment 53% avoidant (uncomfy have difficualty trusting others 26% anxious ambivalent (insecure and worry that their partner do not really love them and will leave 20%
