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Psych 201 > midterm 3 > Flashcards

midterm 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

social psychology def

A

area of psych that seeks to understand, explain, and predict how peoples thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.

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2
Q

social cognition def

A

the way in which people perceive and interpret themselves and others in their social world.

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3
Q

attitude def

A

relatively stable and enduring evaluations of things and people

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4
Q

the three parts to the ABC model & def

A

affective component
behavioural component
cogntiive component

a model proposing that attitudes have three components

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5
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

state of emotional discomfort people experience when they hold two contradictory beliefs or hold a belief that contradicts their behaviour

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6
Q

self-perception theory

A

theory suggesting that when people are uncertain of their attitudes, they infer what the attitudes are observing of their own behaviour

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7
Q

implicit attitudes

A

an attitude in which a person is unaware of

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8
Q

stereotype

A

fixed overgeneralized and oversimplified beliefs about a person or a group of people based on assumptions about the group.

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9
Q

the milgrim study

A
  • no participant stopped administering shocks before the 300-volt mark
  • the vast majority (65%) continued to administer shocks to the highest level (450v)
  • inclined to obey authority even if it means behaving in ways we normally would not
  • increasing shocks for errors
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10
Q

factors that reduce obedience 4

A
  • salience of a victims suffering
  • proximity or closeness to the victim
  • responsibility (placing the learners hand on the shock plate)
  • modelling a non-obedient person
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11
Q

what are attitudes

A

long lasting patterns of feelings and beliefs about other people, ideas, or objects

  • based on ones past experiences
  • shape ones future behaviour
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12
Q

social cognition

A

how people perceive, interpret, and categorize their own and others social behaviours

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13
Q

attitude def

A

relatively stable and enduring elevations of things and people

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14
Q

A portion of the ABC model or attitudes

A

the affective component- how we FEEL towards the object

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15
Q

B portion of the ABC model of attitudes

A

the behavioural component- how we behave toward the object

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16
Q

the C portion of the ABC model of attitudes

A

the cognitive component- what we believe about the object

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17
Q

how are attitudes developed

A

beliefs develop early though socialization by parents, peers, media, and teachers.

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18
Q

how do attitudes change?

A
  • attitudes can change to justify behaviours

changing attitude about global warming to justify why you recycle

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19
Q

how are attitudes formed?

A
  • classical conditioning
  • operant condiitoning
  • observational learning
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20
Q

classical conditioning

A

a form of associative learning between two previously unrelated stimuli that results in a learned response.

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21
Q

operant conditioning

A

a form of associative learning whereby behaviour is modified depending on its consequences.

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22
Q

an attitude is more likely to shape behaviour when it 5

A
  • is strong
  • relatively stable
  • directly relevant to the behaviour
  • important
  • easily accessed from memory
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23
Q

can we predict behaviour from attitudes? depends upon 3

A
  • situational forces
  • individual characteristics
  • specific versus global measurements
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24
Q

attitude specificity

A
  • the more specific an attitude the more likely it is to predict behaviour
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25
Q

attitudes strength

A

stronger attitudes predict behaviour more accurately than weak or vague attitudes

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26
Q

are attitudes related to how they actually behave

A

not necessarily

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27
Q

social desirability

A

attitudes that mirror what we think others desire in a person

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28
Q

implicit attitude

A

an attitude of which the person is unaware

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29
Q

how to change explicit attitudes

A

guided exposure to groups toward which prejudiced beliefs are held works best

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30
Q

to change implicit attitudes

A

fear reduction and emotion-focused interventions are best to reduce implicit attitudes

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31
Q

who are festinger and carlsmith

A

the $1 vs $20 money experiment

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32
Q

dissonance theory

A

reducing mismatch between behaviours and feelings

- attempts to reduce cognitive dissonance when people who are not generally immoral act immorally

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33
Q

examples of ways to reduce cognitive dissonance 4

A
  • change how they understand their immoral act
  • minimize their responsibility for it
  • disregard the negative consequences
  • blame and dehumanize the victims
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34
Q

festingers cognitive dissonance theory

A

emotional discomfort as a result of holding contradictory beliefs or holding a belief that contradicts behaviour
- we change our beliefs to justify (or match) our actions

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35
Q

festingers cognitive dissonance theory levels depends on what

A
  • do you have a choice? (personal responsibility)

- is there a good reason to engage in the behaviour

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36
Q

three ways to reduce cognitive dissonance festingers

A
  • indirect strategies
  • direct strategies
  • trivialize inconsistensies
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37
Q

self perception theory

A

suggests that when people are uncertain of their own attitudes they infer what their attitudes are by observing their own behaviour

38
Q

two routes to persuasion

A
  • central

- peripheral

39
Q

central route

A
  • focus on content, factual information. logic to change attitudes
40
Q

peripheral route

A
  • focus on superficial info to change attitudes

(attractive spokesperson

41
Q

what are the three persuasion strategies

A
  • foot in the door
  • door in the face
  • appeals to fear
42
Q

foo tin the door persuasion strategy

A

commitment/consistency

- get them to agree to something small so they will agree to something larger later

43
Q

door in the face persuasion strategy

A
  • reciprocity

- ask for something very big knowing you will get turned down, but then ask for the smaller iteam you really wanted

44
Q

appeals to fear persuasion strategy

A
  • ads make it seem like something bad will happen if you do not comply
45
Q

what are the three aspects to persuasion process

A
  • communicator
  • message
  • audience
46
Q

communicator 3

A
  • gives a message through a particular channel to audience
  • communicator credibility is key
  • how believable we perceive the communicator to be
47
Q

components of the communicator 2

A
  • expertise and trustworthiness

- similarity and liking

48
Q

components of the message 2

A
  • two-sided approaches are most effective, they’re perceived as less biased
  • use of fear in messages
49
Q

audience components in persuasion

A
  • central route- think carefully about the message and find arguments compelling
  • peripheral route- influenced by other factors than message arguments
50
Q

the audience protection against persuasion 4

A
  • high vs low self-monitoring
  • self-esteem
  • need for cognition
  • dogmatism
51
Q

social identity theory

A
  • in-group

- out-group

52
Q

discrimination

A

treating people unfairly based on group to which they belong

53
Q

prejudice in canada

A
  • overt racism and sexism has decreased in both Canada and the USA
  • these have always been and continue to be lower in Canada
  • many Canadians have some implicit negative attitudes towards blacks
    there has been a long history in Canada of prejudice towards indigenous
54
Q

contributors to stereotypes and prejudice 3 long

A

categorize based on similarities
- provides info on who we are (in-group)
evolutionary perspective: stereotypes and prejudice may have had some adaptive value
- early humans needed to quickly identify other figures as friends or foes
- pre-wired to perceive different groups as inferior

55
Q

realistic conflict theory

A

contributors to stereotypes and prejudice

  • amount of actual conflict between groups determines the amount of prejudice between groups
  • conflict arises because of scarce materials
56
Q

social idenity theory

A

contributor to stereotypes and prejudice

  • emphasizes social cognitive factors in the onset of prejudice
  • social categorization, social identity
57
Q

categorization and “us-them” thinking

A
  • leads to perception of in-groups and out-groups
  • leads to in-group favouritism and out group derogation
  • leads to out-group homogeneity bias
    (robbers cave study)
58
Q

the two ways prejudice confirms itself

A
  • self-fulfilling prophecies
  • stereotype threat (a phenomenon in which people in a particular group perform poorly because they fear that their performance will conform to a negative stereotype associated with that group.)
59
Q

self-sulfilling propgecies

A

one way how prejudice confirms itself,

the discriminatory behaviour causes others to behave in a way that confirms our stereotypes

60
Q

stereotype threat

A

one way how prejudice confirms itself
- stereotypes create self-consciousness and a fear that they will live up to others stereotypes

a phenomenon in which people in a particular group perform poorly because they fear that their performance will conform to a negative stereotype associated with that group.

61
Q

contact hypothesis 5

A

way of combating prejudice

  • increase awareness of similarities
  • information inconsistent with stereotypes
  • challenge out-group homogeneity
  • recategorize
  • jigsaw classroom
62
Q

attribution

A

an explanation for the cuase of an event or behaviour

63
Q

internal (personal) attributions

A
  • peoples behaviour is caused by their own charactersists
64
Q

situational (external) attributions

A

aspects of the situation cuase behaviour

65
Q

attributions factors 3

A
  • consistency (is it stable over time)
  • distinctiveness (apply to this situation or all situations
  • consensus (do others agree)
66
Q

self-serving bias

A

type of attributional bias

  • more personal attributions for success
  • more situational attributions for failures
  • strength depends on psychological state
67
Q

belief in a just world

A

type of attributional bias

- blaming the victim

68
Q

correspondence bias

A

type of attributional bias
AKA fundamental attributional error
- when explaining others behaviour, having the tendency to
- underestimate impact of situational factors
- over estimate role of personal factors

69
Q

norms def

A

social rules about how members of a society are expected to act

70
Q

what do social norms provide

A
  • order and predictability
71
Q

group

A

deindividuation
- an organized, stable collection of individuals in which the members are aware of and influence one another and share a common identify

72
Q

group dynamics

A

how membership or participation in a group influences our thoughts and behaviours

73
Q

social role

A

a set of norms ascribed to a persons social position negative effect- people are often limited by their prescribed social roles
postitive effect- society functions smoothly

74
Q

descriptive norms

A

agreed-on expectations about what members of a group do

75
Q

injunctive nroms

A

agreeded-on expectatoin of a group ought to do

76
Q

conformity

A

the tendency to yield to soical pressure

77
Q

what was the asch study

A

the different sized lines were presented and someone was asked to match the card A to one of the three lines on card B. the more people that said the wrong answer infront of the subject, the more likely to conform.
- found that conformity effect is not strong when the group size is less than 4 members

78
Q

factors that effect conformity ASCH

A

ASCH study

  • group size
  • presence of a dissenter
  • type of culture (individualistic vs collective culture)
79
Q

the six principals of compliance

A
  • friendship/liking
  • commitment/consistency
  • scarcity
  • reciprocity
  • social validation
  • authority
80
Q

decision making in groups 5

A
  • majority win rule
  • truth-win rule (trying to distill the real truth)
  • group polarization (we are right you are wrong idea)
  • groupthink (strong leader pushing ideas, russia, nk)
  • heterogeneous vs homogenous groups
81
Q

social loafing

A

except less effort in a group task than one would in an individual task

  • more common in large groups
  • less likely in cohesive groups
  • western culture display more than eastern
  • more men than more women
82
Q

social facilitation

A

bringing the best out of you, feeling inspired

83
Q

altruism

A

selfless acts

84
Q

what were the key factors of he katherine genovese murder

A
  • bystander effect
  • evalutaition apprehension
  • diffusion of responsibilty
85
Q

interpersonal attraction

A
  • cognitive, affective, behavioural
86
Q

key factors to liking somone 5

A
  • similarity
  • proximity
  • self-disclosure
  • situational factors
  • physcial attractiveness
87
Q

evolutionary explanation for gender differences in attraction

A
  • facial symetry
  • facial charactersists
  • hip to waist ratio
88
Q

sternbergs triangular model of love

A
  • passion
  • intimacy
  • commitment
89
Q

what are the stages of a loving relationship

A
  • exploration stage try out possible rewards and costs of a relationship
  • bargaining stage they implicitly negotiate the terms of the relationship
  • institutionalization stage shared expectations emerge and the relationships is exclusive
90
Q

types of relationships

A 
secure attachment 53%
avoidant (uncomfy have difficualty trusting others 26%
anxious ambivalent (insecure and worry that their partner do not really love them and will leave 20%

Psych 201 (7 decks)

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