Midterm #2 Flashcards
define intelligence
the ability to learn, to meet the demands of the environment effectively and ti understand ones mental activities.
define metacognition
the ability to think about ones own thinking
charles spearman
helped develop a tool for analyzing intelligence, called factor analysis.
factor analysis & person
-charles spearman’s statisical method for determining whether different items on a test correlate highly with one another, thus forming a cluster of iteams (ppl do good in both vocab & verbal skills)
the g factor and person
charles spearman
underlies all distinct clusters of mental activity. part of the two fctor theory
the s factor and person
charles spearman
the specific factor, tied to that particular area of functioning. part of the two factor theory
thurstones 7 factors of intelligence
- verbal comprehension
- word fluency
- numerical skill
- spatial ability
- associative memory
- perceptual speed
verbal comp & theory person
thurstones 7 factor theories of intelligence
vocab, reading, comprehension, verbal analogies, etc
word fluency & theory and person
thurstone 7 factor theory of intelligence
the ability to quickly generate and manipulate a large number of words with specific characteristics. as in anagrams or rhyming tests
numerical skill theory and person
thursone 7 factor theory of intelligence
the ability to quickly and accurately carry out mathamatical operations
spatial ability and person and theory
thurstone 7 factor theory
skill in spatial visualization as well as the ability to mentallyy transform spatial figures
associative memory and person and theory
thrustones 7 factor theory of intelligence
- rote memory
perceptual speed and person and theory
thurstone 7 factor theory of intelligence
quickness in perceiving visual details, anamalies, similarties
reasoning theory and person
thurstone 7 factor theory of intelligence
skill in varitey of inductive, deductive and arithmetic reasoning tasks
primary mental activities and person
seven distinct mental abilities identified by thurstone as the basic components of intelligence. he was the first to criticize spearmans theory
theory of multiple intelligences and person
Howard gardner, he was influenced in part by thurstone
this theory argues that there is not a single unified intelligence. instead gerdner believes that there are several independent intelligences arising from different areas of the brain
how does thurstone and gardner theories differ
- thurstone identified collectively constitue intelligence
- gardner believes that various intelligences are best emasured in the contexts in which they occur (real-world eampinations vs paper and pen, real-world is more useful.)
- gardners def of multiple intelligences includes an important cultural component
Gardners multiple intelligences
- linguistic
- logical/mathematical
- musical
- spatial
- bodily/kinesthetic
- interpersonal
- naturalistic
- existentialist
linguistic def and person and possible job
gardner
sensitivity to the sounds and meaning of words
- authroy, jounalist, teacher, blogger
logical/ mathematical def, person and job
gardner
capacity for scientific analysis and logical and mathematical problem solving
- scientist, engineer, mathematician, video game developer
musical def and person and job
gardner
sensitivity to sounds and rhythm; capacity for musical expression
- musician. composer, singer
spatial def and person and job
gardner
ability to accurately percieve spatial relationships
- architect, navigator, sculptor, athlete
bodily/kinesthetic def and person and job
gardner
ability to control body movements and manipulate objects
- athelete, dancer, surgeon
intrapersonal def and person and job
gardner
sensitivity to the emotions and motivations of others, skillful at managing others
-manager, therapist, teacher, twitter influencer
naturalistic def person and job
gardner
ability to understand patterns and processes in nature
-biologist, naturalist, ecologist, farmer
existentialist def and person and job
gardner
ability to understand religious and spiritual ideals
- philospher, religious scholars
triarchic theory of intelligence and person
robert sternberg
made up of three interacting components: internal, external, and experiential
internal def and person
sternberg
(analytic) this component of intelligence relates to the internal processing of intfo/ aquiring info, planning, monitoring and evaluating problems or carrying out directions. This is the ort of intelligence that is needed for striaghtforward tasks and problems confronted with at work or school.
external def and person
sternberg
(creative) some tasks require a special way of thinking. a mroe creative way of thinking which also relates to the internal part of thinking.
Ex making it through cutoms at an airport that you do not speak their langauge.
experiential def and person
sternberg
(practical)
helps us adapt to our enviroment and improve it.
ex: you just moved to a new town and you find that you cant sleep at night because the hood is noisy. First you move to a diff bedroom, then you try to soundproof the room. if that doesnt work you move to a new house.
practical intelligence often relies on ___
tacit knowledge “action-orientated knowledge, acquired from others, not through direct help. which allows people to achieve their goals.”
Bioecological model of intelligence and person
Stephan ceci
intelligence is potential abilities, environent anf internal motivation interacting
bioecological model of intelligence needs
- a persons innate abilites develop based on how they interact with enviromental resources (acess to a comp for school success, etc)
- ppl could be internally motivated to fulfill their innate abilities and take advantage of their particular enviroments
what is the psychometric approach
defines intelligence that attempts to measure intelligence with carefully constructed psychological tests
what does an intelligence test need
- a test must function the same in different groups of people
- similar iteams on a test must relate both to one another and to the material of interest
STANDARDIZATION, RELIABILITY, VALIDITY
what is reliability and what are the two approaches
a test is reliable when it consistently produces similar scores for the same test-takers over time. (getting the same IQ result in 20, 30 and 40s)
- test-retest reliability (administering test once then once again and getting the same score)
- split-half reliability ( divide iteams on a single test into two halves to see if the scores correlate highly)
reliability key
the higher the statistical correlation, the greater the reliabiility. the scores can vary from +-1.00.
a +1.00 score means that the test is highly reliable
reliabiility def
the degree to which a test produces the same scores over time
validity def
the xtent to which a test accurately measures or predicts what is it suppose to be predicting or measuring
content validity
the degree to which the content of a test accurately represents what the rest is intended to measure
how can we asses the validity of tests?
correlating test scores with an external criterion that we have some confidence in- a correlation called validity coefficient
validity coefficient
a correlation coefficient that measures validity by correlating a test score with some external criterion
predictive validity
the extent to which scores on a particular test successfully predict future performance on a measure related to the test
normative sample def
for a score to have emaning, it must be measured against those who have already taken the test
standardization def
the use of uniform procedures in administering and scoring a test
normal distribution def
a symmetical, bell-shaped distribution in whoch most scores are in the middle, with similar groups of equal size at either end
what is the median score and what does it indicate
it indicates the populations central tendencies
it is the score exactly in the middle of distribution
mean
the average score in a distribution
mode
the score that occurs most frequently in a distribution
who made the first standardized intelligence test
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon. they made it to see how prepared kids were for school nad to separate those with learning disabilities
mental age def and person
the intellectual age at which a person is functioning as opposed to chronological age
Binet
the psychophysical performance theory and person
galton
he believed that two quallities distinguished more gifted from less gifted people : a kind of psychic energy and a heightened sensitivity to external stimuli
- more energy can perform more work, and in turn develop greater intelligence. those with developed senses can take in more info
Binet-simon intelligence test USA version
better fit for USA kids. LEWIS TERMAN adapted the binet-simon IQ test. the age norms did not apply to american school system, therefore they found an important influence of culture in intelligence testing. the famous IQ was devised
how was IQ measured and person
terman
he calculated the ratio of mental age to chronological age and multiplied that ratio by 100 (the IQ quiotent)_
what did terman want his tests to do
he wanted to make it universally fit to weed out those who are not fit to reproduce. He said those who come from culturally rich and successful parents are going to successful themselves, because of heredity
David Wechsler and the WAIS
saw 2 things wrong witht he stanford-binet test
- distinction between mental and chronological age not informative when testing adults
- greater fairness when testing those not speaking english as first language
the wechsler-bellevue intelligence scale
different versions of his tests continue to be published by his associates
how is the WAIS divided
four scales
- verbal comphrehesion
- working memory
- perceptual reasoning
- processing speed
what does IQ mean
intelligence quotient
performance on IQ tests at a young age
correlate to some degree with better health throughout life, greater independence during old age and a longer lifespan
what is fluid intelligence
involves dynamic problem-solving abilities independant of previously acquired knowledge. EX is winning at video games
what is crystallized knowledge
requires an understadning of cultural values and existing knowledge of a subject or the world in general
WAIS downfall
- learning experiences and opportunitoes more common in the middle-class setting.
- everytime a picture of a person waws used during te test, it was a whtie person
what is the progressive matrices test
attempts to avoid putting one culture at a complete disadvantage. they do this by emphasizing abstract, non-verbal skills
stereotype vulnerability or threat def
idea that a person will do bad bc it may correlate to a stereotype associated with the group
flynn effect
an observed rise in IQ scores throughout the world over time
emotional intelligence
ability to percieve, express and assimilate emotion and to regulate emotion in the self and others
creativity
ability to produce ideas that are original and valuable
3 personality traits that creative ppl have
- intrinsic motivation (the internal drive to create)
- imagination ( ability and willingness to reexamine problems in new ways
- game personality (tolerating risk and failure)
others: complex thinking, broad attention, expertise in relevant fields, broad interests, high energy, independence, self-confidence, divergent thinking
the bell curve book and the 7 topics
richard herrnstein charles murray published book with many controversial topics
- conventional iq tests accurately measure IQ
- IQ predicts success and life
- ppl high IQ form cognitive elite
- IQ tests should be used as a gating mechanism, to give those with high IQ opportunities
- IQ hugely heritable
- clear racial diff
- genetic factors due to racial diff
heritability
the overall extent to which differences amon people are attributed to genes. how found out intelligence heritability is about 50%
heritability coefficient
ranging 0.00 to +1.00
corre;ation coefficient used to indicate the contribution of heredity to some characteristic such as intelligence
neural efficiency hypothesis
bright individuals show lower brain activity than less bright individuals during ests of low to moderate cognitive difficulty
brain lobes and intelligence and the part that connects them
partial and frontal lobes are key for understanding intelligence. the arcuate fasciculus that connects those lobes
brain entropy def
of neural states, or neural configurations a brain can access during a task
