midterm #2 ch 12 Flashcards
personality
the unique characteristics that account for enduring patterns of inner experience and outward behaviour
what are the 3 levels of mind according to freud
- conscious- we are aware of all thoughts
- preconscious- thoughts that can easily be brought to awareness (memory)
- unconscious- we are unaware of this and can only become aware through special treatment
freuds 3 central forces in personality development
id- basic instinctual drives
ego- rational thoughts
superego- moral limits
the id 6
- present at birth
- insticts (eating, sleeping, sex, comfort)
- governed by the pleasure principal (always wanting to be fulfilled)
- libido fuels the id
- immature/childlike (mindless)
- resides in unconscious
what is the pleasure principal
always needing to be fulfilled
the ego 4
- works under reality principal (realization that it is not possible to always be fulfilled)
- like the id, it wants to fulfill needs/desires, but will approach it realistically in the social and environmental aspect
- rational, problem-solving
- works consciously and unconsciously
superego 5
- forms during childhood
- decides what is right and wrong (morals)
- decides which impulses to express openly
- can lead to feel guilt and anxiety
- resides in unconscious and conscious mind
which forces of personality is the mediator
the ego
it balances the powerful desires of the id with the moral standards of the superego
what are the two drives that freud thinks will cause internal conflict
sexuality and aggression because they fall under social and moral constraints
psychosexual stages def 5 of them
stages in dev of personality (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) are primarily produced by sexuality and aggression
oedipus complex def
the boy wanting his mother has his partner, jealous rage
neurosis
abnormal behaviour caused by unresolved conflicts between the id, ego and superego
defence mechanisms
unconscious tactics employed by the ego to protect the individual from anxiety
repression def
the most basic defence mechanism; process of keeping unpleasant memories or thoughts buried deep within the unconscious mind
denial def
a defence mechanism; the process of refusing to recognize an existing situation
rationalization def
creating an excuse to justify unacceptable behaviour
reaction formation def
not acknowledging unacceptable impulses and over-emphasizing their opposite (praising accomplishment even though you resent their success)
projection
transferring ones unacceptable qualities or impulses to others
displacement
diverting ones impulses to a more acceptable target (yelling at a family member after your boss yelled at you)
sublimation
channeling socially unacceptable impulses into acceptable activities (redirecting aggressive behaviour by becoming a professional fighter )
regression
reverting to immature ways of responding (throwing tantrum when frustrated)
identification
enhancing self-esteem by imaging or forming alliances with others
intellectualization
ignoring troubling emotional aspects by focusing on abstract ideas or thoughts (discussing economic theories while ignoring that you just lost your job)
what are neo-freudians
followers who disagree with aspects of his theories, split off to form their own schools of thought
alfred alder
social needs and conscious thoughts are important to behaviour more so than sexual needs and unconscious motivations. he was extremely interested in inferiority. this represents how power shapes human behaviour
carl jung
agreed with unconscious level of thinking, he added two parts:
the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious (inherited memories shared by humankind)
what did Jung call the shared memories?
archetypes
karen horney
agreed with how parenting effected children later in life, however she payed special attention to basic anxiety which develops in children who experience extreme isolation and helplessness. she noted that culture plays a huge role in development which frued ignored. rejected penis envy
self-actualization.
the human need to fulfill their full and special potential, the highest level of need in Maslows hiearchy of needs
peak experiences
moments in which people experience intense clarity of perception, feelings of joy and excitement and a suspended sense of time and reality
positive psych
an area of psych focusing on positive experience and healthy mental functioning
personality traits
tendencies to behave in certain ways that remain relatively constant across situations. said to be dimensional
the personality trait model
mini-theory about the structure of personality traits
lexical hypothesis
idea that pur language contains the important ways in which people can differ
superfactor
a fundamental dimension of personality made up of a related cluster of personality traits
interpersonal circle
a two-dimensional personality trait model based on blends of dominance and nurturance
personality inventory
questionnaire designed to asses various aspects of personality
five-factor model (big five)
trait model that proposes 5 major trait categories: agreeableness, extroversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness and openness to experience (and all their opposites)
socially desirable responding
tailoring answers on personality quiz to try to create a good impression
projective tests SKIP
personality test intended to tap into the unconscious mind by presenting unknown thing and person needs to make meaning of it
situationism
a view of personality which notes that in many social situations people responding similar ways. the situation drives their response rather than personality
interactionism
view emphasizing a relationship between a persons underlying personality traits and the situations the person puts themselves in
banduras theory of reciprocal determinism
personality is determined by the interaction of the external enviroment, internal mental events and behaviour. (praise for good work will encourage that work)
phrenology & person
Franz Joseph Gall
a method of assessing a persons mental and moral qualities by studying the shape of the persons skull. later contributed to localization of brain functions
damage to the amygalada leads to
difficulty becoming conditioned to fear stimuli
overactive amygalada leads to
fear adn shyness
what is cerebral hemisphere dominance and how does it affect personality
right dom- neg emotions
left hemi dom- pos emotions
may appear at a really early age
what are the three broad categories of temperament from researchers Lee Anna Clark and David Watson
- negative emotionality
- positive emotionality
- disinhibition versus contraint
social role theory
gender differences occur because girls and boys develop different behaviours and skills based largely on differences in gender role expectations
self-schema
individuals cognitive framework for the knowledge he has about himself
