Midterm Flashcards
name and describe each of the seven characteristics of life
reproduction- essential for continuation of species, it is making more of your own species. sexual: male + female asexual: binary fission (splitting)
order (cells)- living organisms must have the organization and presence of 1+ cells
homeostasis- regulation an organism’s internal environment needs top maintain it within lints that sustain life
evolution (as a species)- change through time. adapt for survival in changing world
metabolism- organisms take in energy and use it to perform all of life’s activities
growth & development- start off small and grow and increase thru cell division and developing to adulthood
response to stimuli- all organisms need to respond to a physical/chemical change in internal/external environment
name the three domains and the kingdoms of life that fall under each of them
bacteria ~ eubacteria
archaea~ archaebacteria
eukarya~ animalia, plantae, protista, fungi
why can you add multitudes of paperclips to a full beaker of water before actually spilling any
water is polar so partially positive hydrogens are attracted to partially negative oxygen; water coheres to itself and adheres to the glass. water also has high surface tension (hard to break its surface) Note: the attraction between the partial charges in the molecules includes hydrogens so this attractive force of water molecules to each other is called hydrogen bonding
differentiate between ionic and covalent bonding
ionic bonds result from one atom donating an electron to another (the one that loses the electron will be positively charged and the one that gains it negatively charged- electrons have negative charge), whereas covalent bonds are when atoms share electrons (happens when atoms have same or similar electronegativities) atoms try to fulfill octet rule and have stable outer electron shells
go study the function groups right now, girl!
rate how well you think you did on them (be honest!!!)
why are the functional groups important
because they give a function to the molecule they are in (ex: polarity, reactivity, & variety of chemical properties
explain in full detail how enzymes work and what they do
enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.they themselves don’t change during the reaction and can be used again. substrates, or reactants, first bind to the enzyme’s active site to be catalyzed.
what does it mean if an enzyme becomes denatured? how could that happen?
if the active site’s specialized shape changes, due to perhaps extreme pH, temperature, or salinity, then the enzyme is said to be denatured and it is no longer usable (permanently ruined)
what are enzyme inhibitors? how do they work?
inhibit enzyme from being able to perform its job. competitive inhibitor involves an inhibitor that competes for the active site; noncompetitive inhibitors bond to the enzyme at a location other than the active site, but this causes the active site’s shape to be changed
what are the four main classes of organic compounds
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
what atoms comprise carbohydrates?
C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
what are the building blocks of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
what are foods that contain carbohydrates
whole grain bread (cereal)
starchy vegetables
some vegetables and many fruits
legumes
what are specific examples of carbohydrates
fructose- sweet in fruits glucose- main sugar in life's energy sucrose- table sugar maltose- sugar in beer lactose- in milk
what are carbohydrates functions in the body
it is the primary food source for body
what are the atoms comprising lipids
C,H,O
what are the building blocks of lipids
triglycerides- 3 fatty acids 1 glycerol
phospholipids- 2 fatty acids 1 glycerol and a phosphate group
waxes- 1 fatty acid linked to an alcohol
steroids- 4 fused carbon rings
what are foods that contain lipids
lard, fish oil, butter, vegetable oils, fish, pumpkin seed, walnut, cheese, cream
what are specific examples of lipids
steric acid (faty acid), wax that coats apples, steroid male hormone testosterone
what are lipids function in the body
store energy, insulate body, and protect organs
what are the atoms comprising proteins
C,H,N,O
what are the building blocks of proteins
amino acids
what are food s that contain proteins
fish, poultry, meat, eggs, cheese, milk, beans, rice, grains
what are specific examples of protein
keratin in our nails and hair
collagen in our skin, tendons, ligaments
hemogolbin transports oxygen in blood
what are proteins functions in the body
many are enzymes, rebuilds, and main component of our muscle
go study what building blocks look like
honest rate!!!! of how you did!!!
hydrolysis vs dehydration
hydrolysis is when polymers are broken down into monomers with enzymes and water added, whereas in dehydration monomers are put together to made polymers with enzymes and water removed
which part of this membrane typically is what prevents certain things from passing through it
the non polar tails made up of fatty acids
what is the function of the nucleus
control region of cells that are eukaryotic, holds the DNA which directs protein synthesis
what is the function of the ROUGH ER
has ribosomes embedded in it, helps with transport of proteins that are made by attached ribosomes
what is the function of the smooth ER
ER without ribosomes attached, helps break down toxins, makes lipids, helps with muscle contraction by leaking calcium ions
what is the function of the mitochondria
powerhouse of cell, where cellular respiration takes place to make ATP energy for cells
what is the function of the golgi apparatus
helps with modification and packaging for distribution of proteins
what is the function of the chloroplasts
contains green pigment chlorophyll, where photosynthesis takes place in plant cells
what is the function of vacuoles
store things; for instance plants have central vacuole for storing water, nutrients, toxins
what are the functions of lysosomes
spherical organelle surrounded by membrane, contains digestive enzymes to break down waste in cell
differentiate between plant and animal cells
plant- have central vacuole, cell wall, and chloroplasts while animal cells don’t; however they are both eukaryotic and both contain all of the other organelles except those three listed as unique to plant cells
differentiate between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex and have true nucleus and membrane bound organelles prokaryotes are generally smaller and less complex and store DNA in nucleoid region, have no membrane bound organelles
go practice labeling animal/plant cell
k
go practice labeling microscope
gurl i hope u did that >:((((
explain how to determine total power of magnification when using compound light microscope
take ocular lens magnification amount (10x) and multiply by objective lens magnification (ex: 40x)
why are cells usually small
they are limited by their surface area to volume ratio. if there isn’t enough surface area relative to their volume,, they would be inefficient, unable to get in nutrients and remove waste at the rate they need to (small cells are efficient)
d, o, a requires energy?
active transport
d, o, a no energy required
diffusion & osmosis
d, o, a molecules move from lesser to greater concentration
diffusion & osmosis
d, o, a movement of H2O from greater to lesser concentration
osmosis
d, o, a molecules move down/along concentration gradient
diffusion, osmosis
in our iodine/ starch baggie lab, why did iodine move into the bag but starch did not move out?
iodine molecules are smaller than bag’s pores so it could move in, starch molecules are larger than the bag’s pores so they couldn’t get through to leave note: both wanted to move from high to low but here size determined if that could occur
why was baggie good rep of cell membrane?
its semi permeable
hypertonic
shrivelling
isotonic
equilibrium
hypotonic
cytolysis
differentiate between phosphorylation and dephosphorylation (endergonic + exergonic)
phosphorylation- the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. This is an endergonic reaction. endergonic is receiving energy, in this case in the form of a phosphate group (to be phosphorylated is to gain a phosphate group)
dephosphorylation- the removal of a phosphate group from an organic compound through hydrolysis. this is an exergonic reaction. exergonic is when energy is released, in this case in the form of a phosphate group
differentiate between oxidation and reduction reactions and give an example
oxidation is the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction ex: NADH & H+ ——> NAD+
reduction is the gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction ex: NAD+ ——> NADH & H+
differentiate between consumers and producers and provide another name
consumers- get energy by eating. also called heterotrophs. Includes carnivores (feed on other animals) herbivores (that feed on plants) omnivores (that feed on plants & animals) and decomposers (that break down organic waste in ecosystems)
producers are also called autotrophs or photosynthetic organism. they make their own food from CO2 and H2O
what is the cellular respiration equation
C6H12)6 + 6O2 ——> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
what organisms utilize cell. respiration
heterotrophs + autotrophs
in what organelle does cell. respiration occur? photosynthesis?
- mitochondria 2. chloroplasts
is cell. respiration endergonic/exergonic? wh?
exergonic because energy exits (ATP is produced)
what is over arrow in cell. reap. and in photosynthesis?
- enzymes 2. photons
is photosynthesis endergonic/exergonic?
endergonic because it needs energy to happen
aerobic, anaerobic for all cr?
glycolysis- anaerobic
chemical grooming- “aerobic”
krebs cycle- “aerobic”
oxidative phosphorylation- aerobic
main reactants for each stage cr?
glycolysis- glucose, which is 6C compound
chemical grooming- 2 pyretic acids (3C each)
krebs cycle- 2 acetyl CoA (combined w/ oxaloacetic acid make citric acid, coenzyme A is released)
oxidative phosphorylation- 10 NADH 2 FADH2
main products of stages of cr?
glycolysis- two 3C pyretic acid molecules (plus 2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 H2O)
chemical grooming- 2-C acetic acids (two of them) which are attached to coenzyme A to form two acetyl coA (plus 2 CO2 and 2 NADH
krebs cycle- 4 CO2 (2 per turn) (plus 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, per both spins together)
oxidative phosphorylation- 34 ATP (and H2O)
where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasmic fluid
where dies chemical grooming take place
in mitochondrial matrix
where does oxidative phosphorylation take place
in inner mitochondrial membrane
what are lactic acid fermentation reactants and products
reactants- 2 pyretic acids from glycolysis
products- 2 lactic acids (lactates) and 2 NAD+
what are alcohol fermentation reactants and products
reactants- 2 pyretic acid from glycolysis
products- 2 ethanol (alcohol) 2 CO2
summarize basics of light reactions
uses light to excite electrons into tow photosystems exciting e- specifically in chlorophyll P680 and P700. excited electron in each photosystem is caught by a primary electron acceptor and sent down electron transport chain. the first ETC is used to pump H+ to create a concentration/electrical gradient so diffusing H+’s can go through ATP synthase and allow ATP to be made; second ETC is used to reduce NADP+ into NADPH
summarize calvin cycle
three carbon dioxide molecules and 3 RuBP are turned into 6-PGA with help of enzyme rubisco, these are turned into 6 G3_, one of which is set aside to eventually make glucose (2 spins of cycle) other 5 are turned back into 3 RuBP so cycle can repeat.
where does lr take place?
thylakoid membrane
where does calv. cyc. take place
stroma
what is main purpose of light reactions
to make ATP and NADH, uses light. consumes H2O and releases O2, water is split and oxygen released so electrons from water can replenish those lost by P680
what is main purpose of calf. cycle
uses ATP and NADPH to make sugar, consumes CO2 releases glucose
describ domain bacteria
single celled organisms that lack a nucleus. have thick walls. some live in soil, some make food by photosynthesis. some are parasites that cause deadly diseases.
describe domain archaea
single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus. they have unusual cell membranes, and live in some of most extreme environments on Earth. some live in hot springs, others live in very salty water, still others live in places that have no oxygen
describedomain eukarta
organisms that contain nucleus
tips for scientific method
experimental group- receives treatment
control group-receives placebo or nothing
dependent variable- think “d” for data: what data will you collect to determine your results
independent variable- whether or not treatment is given, or the overall design of your experiment by separating into groups
why are cells small
they need high enough surface areea to volume ratio for efficient gas exchange, nutrient uptake, ease removal, etc. large cells would not have enough surface area relative to volume increased surface area= easier to get things in and out of cell
enzyme vs catalyst
enzyme is a biological catalyst. anything that speeds a reactions rate by lowering activation energy is “catalyst” is it is within living organism, its enzyme
water and polarity
water is polar because it has hydrogen atoms (2) which are not very electronegative, but an oxygen atom that is very electronegative. this causes unequal distribution of charge with partially charged ends of water molecules. “likes dissolve likes” meaning only polar molecules can dissolve in polar water. something that is non polar like oil will not dissolve in something that is polar like water. therefore hydrophilic must be polar and hydrophobic must be nonpola. since water has slightly positive (hydrogen) and negative (oxygen) ends, the partial charges of oppositee water molecules causes them to stick together AKA hydrogen bonding that results in cohesion between water molecuels
solutions
the solute is dissolved in solvent
pH scale
is logarithmic, difference between 2 numbers is actually a unit of 10. acids are below 7, 7 is neutral, and bases are above 7. bases have more hydroxide ions (OH-) than hydronium ins (H3O+) and vice versa for acids
structures oif rpoteins vs lipids vs carbohydrates
protein: many amino acids that have amino group and carboxyl group
lipid: many contain fatty acid which is long hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl at end
carbohydrates: carbon ring structures, made up of monosaccharides w/ 1:2:1 of cHP
