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Honors Biology > Chapter 4 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

light microscope

A

an optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images and project them into a viewer’s eye or onto photographic film

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2
Q

magnification

A

an increase in the apparent size of an object

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3
Q

resolution

A

a measure of the clarity of an image; the ability of an optical instrument to show 2 objects as separate

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4
Q

cell theory

A

the theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells

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5
Q

electron microscope

A

an instrument that focuses an electron beam through, or onto the surface of a specimen. an electron microscope achieves a thousandfold greater resolution than a light microscope; the most powerful EM can distinguish objects as small as 0.2 nm

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6
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

a microscope that uses an electron beam to study the surface architecture of a cell or other specimen

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7
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

a microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens

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8
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

a type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea

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9
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

a type of cell that has a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles. all organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of eukaryotic cells

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10
Q

plasma membrane

A

the thin layer of lipids and proteins that sets a cell off from its surroundings and acts as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell; consists of a phospholipid bilayer in which are embedded molecules of protein and cholesterol

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11
Q

ribosome

A

a cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein organized into 2 subunits and functions as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. The ribosomal subunits are constructed in nucleolus

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12
Q

nucleoid

A

the region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA

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13
Q

cell wall

A

a protective layer external to plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and sme protists, protects the cell and helps maintain its shape

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14
Q

capsule

A

a sticky layer that surrounds the bacterial cell wall, protects the cell surface, and sometimes helps give the cell to surfaces

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15
Q

pilus

A

A short projection on the surface of a prokaryotic cell that helps the prokaryote attach to other surfaces. specialized sex pili are used in conjugation to hold the mating cells together

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16
Q

prokaryotic flagellum

A

a long surface projection that propels a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment, totally different from the flagellum of a eukaryotic cell

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17
Q

cytoplasm

A

everything inside a cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; consists of semifluid medium and organelles

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18
Q

organelle

A

a structure with a specialized function within a cell

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19
Q

cellular metabolism

A

the chemical activity of cells

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20
Q

nucleus

A

genetic control center of eukaryotic cell

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21
Q

chromatin

A

combination of DNA and proteins that constitutes chromosomes; often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended form taken by chromosomes when eukaryotic cell is no dividing

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22
Q

chromosome

A

A thread-like, gene carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis; also the main gene-carrying structure of prokaryotic cell. Consists of chromatin.

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23
Q

nuclear envelope

A

a double membrane, perforated with pores, that encloses he nucleus and separates it from the rest of the eukaryotic cell

24
Q

nucleolus

A

a structure within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins to make ribosomal subunits; consists of parts of the chromatin DNA, RNA transcribed from the DNA, and proteins imported from the cytoplasm

25
Q

granum

A

a stack of hollow disks formed of thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast. Grana ar the sites where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy

26
Q

vesicles

A

sacs made of membrane

27
Q

endomembrane system

A

a network of membranous organelles that partition the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells into functional compartments. some of the organelles are structurally connected to each other, whereas others are structurally separate but functionally connected by the traffic of membranous vesicles between them

28
Q

secretory protein

A

a protein (such as an antibody) that is secreted by a cell

29
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

an extensive membranous network in a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions

30
Q

smooth ER

A

a network of interconnected membranous tubules in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm. smooth ER lacks ribosomes. enzymes embedded in smooth ER membrane function in the synthesis of certain kinds of molecules such as lipids

31
Q

rough ER

A

a network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm. Rough ER membranes are studded with tibosomes that make membrane and secratory proteins. the rough ER constructs membrane from phospholipids and proteins

32
Q

central vacuole

A

a membrane-enclosed sac occupying most of interior of mature plant cells having diverse roles in reproduction, growth and development.

33
Q

chloroplast

A

an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists. enclosed by 2 concentric membranes, a chloroplast absorbs sunlight and uses it to power the synthesis of organic food molecules (sugars)

34
Q

cristae

A

folds of the inner membrane of mitochondrion. enzyme molecules embedded in cristae make ATP

35
Q

glycoprotein

A

a macromolecule consisting of one or more polypeptides linked to a short chain of sugars

36
Q

golgi apparatus

A

an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the enoplasmic reticulum

37
Q

intermembrane space

A

one of the two fluid filled internal compartments of the mitochondrion. the intermembrane space is the narrow region between inner and outer membranes

38
Q

lysosome

A

a digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells; contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest the cell’s food and wastes

39
Q

stroma

A

a thick fluid enclosed by inner membrane of a chloroplast. sugars are made in the stroma by enzymes of calvin cycle

40
Q

transport vesicle

A

a tiny membranous sac in cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by cell. the vesicle buds from endoplasmic reticulum or golgi and eventually fuses with another membranous organelle or the plasma membranes, releasing its contents

41
Q

vacuole

A

a membrane-enclosed sac, part of the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cell, having diverse functions

42
Q

anchoring junctions

A

a junction that connects tissue cells to each other (or to an extracellular matrix) and allows materials to pass from cell to cell

43
Q

basal body

A

a eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9+0 arrangement of microtubule triplets, may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum, structurally identical to centriole

44
Q

cilium

A

a short appendage that propels some protists through water and moves fluid across the surface of many tissue cells in animals. in common with eukaryotic flagella, cilia have a (+2 arrangement of microtubules coverred by cell’s plasma membrane

45
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a meshwork of fine fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

46
Q

extracellular matrix

A

a substance in which the cells of an animal tissue are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides

47
Q

flagellu,

A

longer, less numerous appendages on protists

48
Q

gap junctions

A

channels between adjacent tissue cells through which water and other small molecules pass freely

49
Q

intermediate filaments

A

an intermediate sized protein fiber that is one of the three main kinds of fibers making up cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. ropelike; made of fibrous proteins

50
Q

microfilament

A

the thinnest of the 3 main inds of protein fibers making up cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell; a solid, helical rod composed of the globular protein actin

51
Q

microtubules

A

the thickest of the 3 main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell; a straight, hollow tube made of globular proteins called tubuluns. help form the basis of the structure and movement of cilia and flagella

52
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

fluid contained within inner membrane of a mitochondrion

53
Q

mitochondrion

A

an organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. enclosed by 2 concentric membranes, it is where most of the cell’s ATP is made

54
Q

plasmodesmota

A

open channels in a plant cell wall, through which strands of cytoplasm connect from adjacent walls

55
Q

tight junctions

A

a junction the binds tissue cells together in a leakproof sheet

56
Q

centriole

A

a structure in an animal cell composed of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern. an animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles within each of its centrosones

Honors Biology (20 decks)

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