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Honors Biology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the energy stair case analogy

A

electrons “fall” from glucose to oxygen which finally reduces O2

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2
Q

What is FADH2?

A

accepts electrons during redox reactions just like NAD+

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3
Q

What is produced in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

2 ATP released
4 CO2 released
6 NADH produced
2 FADH2 produced

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4
Q

What happens to the reactant in the Krebs cycle?

A

the 2 acetyl CoA account for two turns in the Krebs cycle

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5
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

A

matrix

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6
Q

What kind of reaction is cellular respiration considered overall and why?

A

exergonic because energy is being released/ exits because electrons lose potential energy when they “fall” to oxygen

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7
Q

why is it called oxidative phosphorylation?

A

the energy from the oxidation-reduction reactions from the electron transport chain that transfer electrons from organic molecules to oxygen is used to phosphorylate ADP

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8
Q

endergonic/exergonic in chemiosmosis

A

the exergonic reactions of electron transport produce a H+ gradient that drives the endergonic synthesis of ATP

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9
Q

Why are electrons being pulled?

A

because oxygen is at the end of the ETC and oxygen is an “electron grabbed” because of its high electronegativity

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10
Q

What is the water formation at the end of the Electron Transport Chain?

A

1/2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- = H2O

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11
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

a series of molecules in a membrane that transfer electrons from one molecule to another

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12
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work

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13
Q

what is the goal of fermentation?

A

to regenerate NAD+

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14
Q

what happens after glycolysis?

A

NAD+ must be present as an electron acceptor. An anaerobic conditions, fermentation must happen to produce it

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15
Q

Examples of lactic acid and alcohol fermentation

A

lactic acid– cheese, yogurt, soy sauce, cabbage

alcohol– bread, wine, beer

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16
Q

What happens in lactic acid fermentation

A

muscle cells, some bacteria, and a few other types of cells regenerate NAD+ by a process called lactic acid fermentation.
NADH is oxidized to NAD+ as pyruvate is reduced to lactate.
the lactate that builds up in muscle cells bc exercise is carried in blood to the liver where it is converted back to pyruvate

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17
Q

what happens in alcohol fermentation?

A

yeast normally use aerobic respiration but can also survive in anaerobic if they have enough glucose to do glycolysis. yeasts and some bacteria recycle NADH to NAD+ while converting pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol

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18
Q

What does oxidative phosphorylation use to make ___ and release _____?

A

oxidative phosphorylation uses the 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 produced earlier to make 34 ATP

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19
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

inter membrane space & matrix

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20
Q

where is the ETC & ATP synthase located in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic- ETC and ATP synthase are embedded in cristae of mitochondria
prokaryotic- ETC is in the cellular membrane and ATP is not formed through ATP synthase
** ATP synthase is always farthest to the right in drawing

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21
Q

give basic description of what oxidative phosphorylation does?

A

it is the stage where most of the ATP is made: 34
-the electron transport chain uses the high energy electrons in NADH and FADH from glycolysis, chemical grooming, and the krebs cycle to convert ADP to ATP ** involves electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

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22
Q

how can the cell use energy banked in NADH and FADH2

A

these molecule must shuttle their high energy electrons to the electron transport chain. there, the energy from the oxidation of organic fuels can be used for the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

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23
Q

what is the 1st step of the citric acid cycle?

A 
acetyl coa (2 carbons) combines with oxaloacetic acid (4 carbons) to produce citric acid (2C + 4C = 6C)
-coenzyme A is released
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24
Q

what is the 2nd step of the citric acid cycle?

A

citric acid forms a 5C compound (6C - 1C = 5C… the 1C comes form CO2 leaving)
released: CO2 and H+ (NAD+ os reduced to NADH and a H+ as citric acid is oxidized, or loses an electron with the hydrogen atom it loses)

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25
Q

what is the 3rd step of the citric acid cycle?

A

the 5 carbons become a 4 carbon compound, also producing 1 ATP from ADP
released: CO2 and H+ (NAD+ —–> NADH & H+) and ATP (ADP + phosphate group)

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26
Q

what is the 4th step of the citric acid cycle?

A

a different 4C compound (was succinate, now is malate) is formed
released H+ (FAD ——–> FADH2)

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27
Q

what is the 5th step of the calvin cycle?

A

alocetic acid is regenerated so cycle can continue

released: H+ (NAD+ ——-> NADH & H+)

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28
Q

Where is the O2 reactant used?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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29
Q

what chemical characteristic of the element oxygen accounts for its function in cellular respiration?

A

oxidative phosphorylation, using the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

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30
Q

how is your breathing related to your cellular respiration?

A

in breathing, CO2 and O2 are exchanged between your lungs and the air. In cellular respiration, cells use O2 to break down fuel, releasing CO2 as a waste
O2: present in air you breathe, diffuses across the lining of your lungs and into bloodstream
CO2: waste product, diffuses from your cells to your blood, travels to your lungs where it is exhaled

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31
Q

what are some examples of things your body needs energy for?

A
  • keep the heart pumping blood
  • breathing
  • maintain consistent body temperature
  • digest food
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32
Q

what are the hydrogen movements in the cellular respiration equation?

A
  • glucose loses hydrogen atoms as it is converted to carbon dioxide
  • O2 gains hydrogen atoms in being to converted to water
  • these represent electron transfers bc each hydrogen consists of a proton + a electron
33
Q

where does the CO2 come from?

A

chemical grooming- 2

krebs cycle- 4

34
Q

how does energy flow work in organisms and ecosystems?

A
  • energy enters as sunlight and exits as heat (entropy)

- organisms temporarily trap this energy for their work

35
Q

what is the cellular respiration equation?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —–enzymes——> 6CO2 + 6H2O + approximately 38 ATP

36
Q

producers

A
  • also called autotrophs or photosynthetic organisms

- make their own food from CO2 and H2O

37
Q

consumers

A
  • also called heterotrophs
  • get energy by eating
    herbivores: feed on plants
    carnivores: feed on other animals
    omnivores: feed on plants & animals
    decomposers: break down organic waste in ecosystems
38
Q

what is the fundamental function of cellular respiration

A

to generate ATP for cellular work

39
Q

what are the ATP totals throughout cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis- 2
krebs-2
ETC- 34

40
Q

how is cellular respiration an example of a metabolic pathway?

A

-it is a series of chemical reactions in cells. a specific enzyme catalyzes each reaction

41
Q

give names for three stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolosis
    ~chemical grooming
  2. Citric Acid Cycle OR Krebs Cycle
  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation OR Electron Transport Chain with Chemiosmosis
42
Q

where is the glucose reactant used?

A

glycolysis

43
Q

where does the H2O come from?

A

oxidative phosphorylation- 4

glycolysis- 2

44
Q

strict anaerobe

A

an organism that cannot survive in an atmosphere of oxygen

45
Q

cellular respiration

A

the anaerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules, the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose and the storage of potential energy in a form that ells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

46
Q

what is step 1 of the electron transport chain

A

-NADH and FADH2 give up electrons (they’re at high energy level) to the electron transport chain
-also at this time they give up protons
location of donation: NADH- beginning of chain FADH2- farther down

47
Q

what is step 2 of the ETC

A

electrons are passed down the chain losing energy as they move from molecule to molecule

48
Q

what is step 3 of the ETC

A

the energy loss from electrons is used to pump H+ out of mitochondrial matrix and this results in higher concentration between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria

concentration gradient across the inner membrane also results in an electrical gradient because protons carry a + charge

49
Q

what is step 4 of the ETC

A
  • chemiosmosis takes place
  • this is where PE of conc. gradient is used to make ATP
  • protons move thru ATP synthase down conc. and elect. gradients
  • as H+ rush back downhill through an ATP synthase, spinning a component of the complex, the rotation activates catalytic sites in the ATP synthase that attach phosphate groups to ADP
50
Q

what is step 5 of ETC

A
  • oxygen is final acceptor on ETC
  • O2 also accepts protons (a portion of those overall donated by NADH and FADH2
  • protons + electrons + oxygen combine to make water
51
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

a microorganism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation when oxygen is absent

52
Q

ATP synthase

A

a complex cluster of several proteins found in a cellular embrace including the inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. An ATP synthase provides a port through which H+ can diffuse

53
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

the conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of CO2

54
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

the conversion of the acid produced by glycolysis to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol

55
Q

glycolysis

A

the multistep chemical breakdown of a molecules of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs in the cytoplasmic fluid

56
Q

acetyl CoA

A

the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

57
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of the electron transport chain

58
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

the formation of ATP occurring when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic molecule to ADP

59
Q

the citric acid cycle

A

the metabolic cycle fueled by acetyl CoA formed after glycolysis in cellular respiration. chemical reactions in the citric acid cycle complete the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide. The cycle occurs in the matrixx of the mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry energy to the electron transport chains

60
Q

electron transport chain

A

a series of electron carrier molecule that shuttle electrons through the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP, located in the inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, and the plasma membranes of prokaryotes

61
Q

NAD+

A

cells make it from the vitamin niacin and it is used to shuttle electrons in redox reactions

62
Q

dehydrogenase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction during which one or more hydrogen atoms are removed from a molecule

63
Q

redox reaction

A

short for oxidation-reduction, a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost from one substance (oxidation) and added to another ( reduction). Oxidation and reduction always occur together

64
Q

oxidation

A

the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction, always accompanies reduction

65
Q

reduction

A

the gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction, always accompanies oxidation

66
Q

describe what happens in two main phases of glycolysis

A

phase 1: prepatory phrase that consumes energy. ATP is used to energize glucose, which is then split into 2 small sugars that are now primed to release some energy
phase 2: yields energy payoff for cell. two NADH molecules are produced for each initial glucose molecule and 4 ATP molecules are generated

67
Q

where is the energy stored from glycolysis

A
  • banked in NADH and ATP
  • glycolysis makes 4 ATP net of 2
  • cell can use ATP energy immediately
  • in order to use NADH , electrons from NADH mist pass down electron transport chain in mitochondrial membrane
  • pyruvate still hold most of energy of glucose
68
Q

what happens in terms of NAD+ in glycolysis

A

the cell reduces 2 molecules of NAD+ to form 2 molecules of NADH

69
Q

describe the oxidation and reduction in glycolysis

A

pyretic acid is oxidized; NAD+ is reduced

70
Q

what happens to pyruvate at end of glycolysis

A

it is transported from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrion’s inner membrane space called the mitochondrial matrix

71
Q

is glycolysis requiring oxygen

A

no, therefore it is anaerobic

72
Q

summarize glycolyis gains

A
  • 2 net ATP
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 H2O
73
Q

what does glycolysis start with and what is the end result

A

begins with six carbon glucose

ends with two 3 carbon molecules of pyretic acid

74
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

in cytoplasmic fluid of the cell outside the organelles

75
Q

what is released in chemical grooming

A
  • 2 NADH

- 2 CO2`

76
Q

where does glycolysis occur and where does chemical grooming occur

A

glycolysis- cytoplasm

chemical grooming- matrix

77
Q

what starts chemical grooming and what comes out at the end

A

starts– 2 pyretic acid molecules

ends– 2 acetyl CoA

78
Q

what are 4 steps of chemical grooming

A
  1. each pyretic acid loses a carbon as CO2, remaining form acetic acid
  2. oxidation of the fuel generates NADH by reduction of NAD+
  3. Acetic acid is attached to coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA (escorts acetic acid into 1st reaction of Krebs)
  4. 2 acetyl CoA molecules move onto citric acid cycle

Honors Biology (20 decks)

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