Chapter 1: Biology, Exploring Life Flashcards
List life’s levels of organization from largest to smallest
Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule, atom
Which of the following levels of biological organization includes all on the list: organ, molecule population, tissue?
population
What are the two major processes in an ecosystem?
Recycling chemical nutrients and flow of energy
What is the chemical flow for producers?
They use CO2 from air and H2O from soil and minerals from soil
What is the chemical flow for consumers?
Take O2 from air and return CO2, waste returns chemicals to soil
What is the chemical flow for decomposers?
They change wastes from consumers into minerals plants can use
What is the difference between flow of energy and chemical nutrients?
Chemical nutrients cycle within the web, while energy is gained and lost constantly and enters and exits the ecosystem as heat.
What are the energy transfers for energy within the ecosystem?
light energy to chemical energy to heat energy
How can one tell a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell apart?
A prokaryotic cell has no nucleus and no membraned organelles and is usually smaller and simpler, a eukaryotic cell is usually bigger and more complex, has a nucleus, and has membraned organelles.
What is the foundation for unity of life?
The genetic information in DNA molecules
How do genes become varied?
There are 4 chemical letters that line up in some sort of sequential string that encodes precise info in genes.
How does diversity exist?
Diversity stems from differences in DNA sequences
Explain how photosynthesis of plants functions in both the cycling of chemical nutrients and the flow of energy in an ecosystem.
Photosynthesis uses light to convert CO2 and H2O to energy-rich food, making it the pathway by which both chemical nutrients and energy become available to most organisms
Explain why cells are considered the basic units of life?
They are the lowest level in the hierarchy of biological organization at which the properties of life emerge
What is the chemical basis for all of life’s kinship?
DNA as the genetic material
What are the three domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Which are prokaryotic and typically unicellular?
Bacteria, Archaea
What are the kingdoms of Bacteria?
Eubacteria
What are the kingdoms of Archaea?
Archaebacteria
What are the kingdoms of Eukarya?
Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Fungi
What is the difference between Bacteria and Archaea?
Bacteria are the most commonly found bacteria that are all around you daily. Archaea are the bacteria that are in more rare or unique locations like inside geysers
List all of the characteristic of living things?
Growth and development, Organization and presence of 1+ cells, Response to Stimuli, Metabolism, Reproduction, Change over time, and Homeostasis
Describe Organization and presence of 1+ cells
A cell is the smallest unit that can perform all of life’s processes. when it has 1 cell it is unicellular, 1+ it is multicellular
Describe Response to Stimuli
A response to the physical or chemical change into the internal or external environment
Describe Homeostasis
Same Stability. Process by which organisms maintain stable internal conditions despite what is happening in their external environment. NOT JUST TEMPERATURE (cold blooded animals)
Describe Metabolism
Sum of all chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from environment; almost all energy originally comes from sun
Describe Growth and Development
Living things must grow and increase in size, cell division, and go through a process to become a mature adult
Describe Reproduction
Nonessential for the survival of the individual, but essential for the continuation of the species (hereditary info passed on through DNA) there is both sexual and asexual (without sex)
Describe change through time
change through time is important for survival in changing world
List all steps of the scientific method
Make an Observation, Ask a Question, Create a Hypothesis, Predict What Will Happen, Design and Carry Out Experiment, Conclusion
Make an Observation
Use senses to receive knowledge about the world
Ask a Question
Think about what you observed and use curiosity to ask a question
Create a Hypothesis
Use everything you know about what you observed and questioned to make an educated guess about why it is that way
Predict what will happen
Put pieces together and make statement about what you expect to happen in the experiment you are creating to answer your question.
Design and Carry Out Experiment
Plan experiment with all good elements of an experiment and then do it
Experimental Group
group in study that is test group
control group
group in study that is NOT test group, therefore nothing is being done to them, they just have same constants as experimental
Independent Variable
The variable that is being changed
Dependent variable
“D” for data, variable that is based on what IV is
Constants
things that you keep the same in an experiment, what both the control and experimental group must have
Conclusion
By analyzing results you can determine whether your hypothesis/prediction was right
Difference between correlative design and scientific method
Correlative design is like discovery science where you are just basically making observations instead of actually deterring something.
How to Have Good Experimental design
randomize the population, high sample sizes, design experiment that can be replicated by others, isolate and manipulate a defined variable
Ways of Scientific Misconduct
negligence- careless science/data
plagiarism- copying from someone else’s work
obfuscation- removing that which didn’t go well
fabrication- making up results
duplication- publishing same paper in multiple journals with a few tweaks
conflict of interest-who’s providing funding vs. the desired outcomes
authorship- orders of authors on scientific papers is based on who is most important
