Midterm 2: Week 5

Question 1

Describe the emergence of modern terrorism. When? Where? For what cause?

Answer 1

Began in France during the 1790s in the French Revolutionary regime after Napoleon was the target of assassination - the regime began targeting and killing potential suspects

Question 2

How is terrorism connected to the Age of Enlightenment?

Answer 2

During the Enlightenment there was growth in the idea of human agency - people began taking matters into their own hands and challenging authority

-Human agency is a secular idea, under religion you don’t have agency because your faith is already prescribed by your creator

Question 3

Birth of modern terrorism: direction of violence

Answer 3

-both top-down (Reign of Terror) and bottom-up (Napoleon assassination attempt)

Question 4

Birth of modern terrorism: cause

Answer 4

-secular and progressive
-not religious - Napoleon was combatting demands to return to the divine rule of kings

Question 5

Birth of modern terrorism: morality

Answer 5

-regime believed the ends justified the means
-Robespierre said that “without virtue, terror is evil”

Question 6

Birth of modern terrorism: legacy

Answer 6

-left a legacy that human agency can change the course of history

Question 7

Two main types of terrorism in the 19th century

Answer 7

1. Anarchists (secular)
2. Nationalism

Question 8

1890s Anarchist Terror Cause

Answer 8

anarchism

Question 9

1890s Anarchist Terror Direction of Violence

Answer 9

bottom-up: terrorists went after state and government officials

Question 10

1890s Anarchist Terror Ideology

Answer 10

Human beings are good by nature but the state has corrupted them.

Question 11

1890s Anarchist Terror Recruitment

Answer 11

individuals

Question 12

1890s Anarchist Terror Aim

Answer 12

Overthrow states so human communities can flourish without government (however the specific aims are very vague)

Question 13

1890s Anarchist Terror Legacy

Answer 13

1. Psychological: lone wolf attacks
   -Corresponds with human agency
   -A person not part of the group but inspired by the idea
2. Technological: DIY explosive devices break the state monopoly of violence

Question 14

Nationalist Terrorism Cause

Answer 14

nationalism

Question 15

Nationalist Terrorism Direction

Answer 15

bottom-up: terror against multinational empire

Question 16

Nationalist Terrorism Ideology

Answer 16

anti-empire

Question 17

Nationalist Terrorism Aim

Answer 17

concrete goal to gain statehood

Question 18

Nationalist Terrorism Recruitment

Answer 18

Groups

Question 19

Nationalist Terrorism Legacy

Answer 19

new nation-states

Question 20

Nationalist Terror Example (aim, impact, outcome)

Answer 20

Austro-Hungarian Empire

aim: wanted to liberate those who were seen as ‘trapped’ in the Austro-Hungarian Empire by helping them achieve statehood

impact: the assassination of Arch-Duke Franz Ferdinand was the catalyst for WWI

outcome: was successful because led to the creation of new states

Question 21

Anarchist Terror Example

Answer 21

Russian Empire
-terrorist group Narodnya Volya wanted political reform and to overthrow the tsarist autocracy
-targeted government officials and the emperor
-not successful: assassins were hanged and the group collapsed