midterm 2 lecture terms Flashcards
relative poverty
having less wealth than those around you, causing stress and negative health outcomes.
lorenz curve
curve of inequality seen in the preston curve (as opposed to a line of perfect equality).
general adaptation syndrome
three stages:
1. alarm reaction.
2. resistance to stress.
3. exhaustion. (occurs when stressor cannot be escaped. no return to homeostasis.)
social readjustment rating scale
list of 43 stressful life events. people often rank events similarly in terms of how stressful they are. most damaging events are:
- undesired
- unexpected
- uncontrollable
- non-normative
chronic strains
stressors that are more significant than stressful life events. comes with increased risk of:
- weakened immune system
- mental illness
- unhealthy behaviours
- impaired healing
role strain
major form of chronic strain. occurs when role is:
- unwanted
- changing
- exceeding ones means and abilities
- conflicting with another role
daily hassles
stressors that come and go within a day or two. don’t accumulate to produce chronic stress.
social capital theory
states there is an inverse relationship between hierarchy and social connection. leads to conflict and deprives people of resources that come from social ties. (two additions are social relations theory and social isolation theory).
social relations theory
people with similar wealth congregate in the same neighbourhoods. the same thing happens with cultural differences. diminishes social cohesion and results in poor health outcomes.
social isolation theory
wealth gets pulled out of less wealthy areas, concentrating wealth in one area. concentrates health outcomes as well.
anomie
state of being normless. weakens social bonds and leads to the breakdown of social cohesion, antisocial behaviour, and crime.
primatology
the study of hierarchy in nonhuman animals. finds there are poor health outcomes for those at the bottom of the hierarchy.
psychosocial inequality model
perception of social ranking leads to shame and distrust, which results in chronic stress and unhealthy behaviours.
cumulative advantage hypothesis
idea that small advantages accumulate to have larger benefits over time.
vulnerability
characteristic of person that makes them more susceptible to certain harmful outcomes.
exposures
coming into contact with something you may be vulnerable to.
cohort effect
outcome seen for people born at a particular time.
life-course effect
outcome that becomes more common as life goes on.
why men choose to do more dangerous tasks?
- toughness
- risk-taking behaviour
- justification for payment
- self-preservation
explanations for roseto effect?
- collective responsibility for children.
- aversion to conspicuous consumption.
- sense of social solidarity.
social ties
connections to others as part of primary and secondary groups. make up networks.
primary group
the small group of people that you spend the most amount of time with, usually your immediate family. these groups are informal and more emotionally meaningful time is spent with them.
secondary group
a more informal and impermanent group. easier to enter and leave.
social network theory
groups can be understood in terms of:
- number of contacts
- frequency of contact
- density of contacts
extended contact theory
contact with person who had positive contact with an out-group can increase your acceptance for the out-group.
hunkering down
many diverse groups leads to extra-group hostility, which decreases intra-group solidarity as well.
structural racism
different institutional outcomes for people on the basis of race. different groups affected differently.
