Midterm 2 (Ch.8)

Question 1

define extinction

Answer 1

non-reinforcement of previously reinforced response

Question 2

what does extinction result in?

Answer 2

decrease in the strength response

Question 3

when does extinction occur in classical conditioning?

Answer 3

when a previously conditioned stimulus is applied repeatedly without being associated with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

when does extinction occur in operant conditioning?

Answer 4

when a natural or unconditioned stimulus is associated with a punishment or reinforcement (cs) to change a voluntary behaviour

Question 5

what is important to note when applying an extinction procedure?

Answer 5

caution must be made that the action being withheld is the reinforcer that is in fact maintaining the behaviour

Question 6

define “extinction burst”

Answer 6

temporary increase in frequency and intensity of responding when extinction first implemented (try harder to obtain the reinforcer)

Question 7

define “increase in variability” (in the context of extinction)

Answer 7

increase in variability of a behaviour (try different ways of obtaining the reinforcer)

Question 8

define “resurgence”

Answer 8

reappearance during extinction of other behaviours that had once been effective in obtaining reinforcement (try old way of obtaining the reinforcer)

Question 9

define “frustration and anger” in the context of extinction

Answer 9

humans often label these emotional experiences as frustration, and aggression often follows

Question 10

define “depression” in the context of extinction

Answer 10

very low levels of activity, in particular

Question 11

define “resistance to extinction”

Answer 11

extent to which responding persists after extinction procedure has been implemented (can be high or low)

Question 12

define “partial reinforcement effect”

Answer 12

behaviour maintained on intermittent (partial) reinforcement schedule will extinguish more slowly that behaviour maintained on continuous schedule

Question 13

define “history of reinforcement”

Answer 13

more reinforcers received = greater resistance to extinction

Question 14

define “magnitude of the reinforcer” in context of extinction

Answer 14

larger reinforcers often result in greater resistance to extinction

Question 15

define “degree of deprivation” in context of extinction

Answer 15

the greater the level of deprivation for the reinforcer, the greater the resistance to extinction

Question 16

define “previous experience with extinction”

Answer 16

the greater the number of previous exposure to extinction, the quicker extinction will occur

Question 17

define “distinctive signal for extinction”

Answer 17

extinction occurs more quickly when there is a distinctive stimulus that signals the onset of extinction

Question 18

define “spontaneous recovery”

Answer 18

reappearance of an extinguished response following a rest period after extinction

Question 19

define “discriminative stimulus”

Answer 19

a stimulus in the presence of which responses are reinforced and in the absence of which they are not

Question 20

anxious children were shown to be ____ to habituate to a ________ sound. As such, the ____ response was _____ to be extinguished

Answer 20

slow, surprising. fear, slower

Question 21

define “stimulus generalization”

Answer 21

tendency for operant response to be emitted in presence of stimulus similar to S^D

Question 22

define “generalization gradient”

Answer 22

tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the S^D

Question 23

define “stimulus discrimination”

Answer 23

tendency for the operant response to be emitted more in the presence of one stimulus (usually the SD) than another

Question 24

what is “discrimination training”?

Answer 24

reinforcement of responding in the presence of S^D and not in the presence of another stimulus

Question 25

define the “Peak Shift Effect”

Answer 25

Following discrimination training, the peak of the generalization will often shift from the S^D to a stimulus further removed from S^delta

Question 26

define “multiple schedule” in the context of learning

Answer 26

two or more independent schedules presented in sequence; each resulting in reinforcement having distinctive S^D

Question 27

how does a chained schedule differ from a multiple schedule?

Answer 27

chained schedule requires all of the component schedules be completed before obtaining the reinforcer

Question 28

define “behavioural contrast”

Answer 28

occurs when change in rate of reinforcement on one component of multiple schedule produces opposite change in the rate of response on another component