Midterm 2 (Ch.7) Flashcards
define “schedule of reinforcement”
response requirement that must be met to obtain a reinforcer. (how many times does a rat have to press a lever to obtain a food pellet)
define “steady-state behaviours”
stable response patterns that emerge after considerable exposure to schedule (different schedules produce different response patterns)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule- when are responses reinforced? what is it ideal for?
each specified response is reinforced. ideal for strengthening a newly learned behaviour
Intermittent (partial) Reinforcement Schedule- when are responses reinforced? what is it ideal for?
only some responses are reinforced. useful for teaching persistence
what does a conjunctive schedule require?
two or more simple schedules must be met before a reinforcer is delivered (wages for work = required hours + doing work in that time)
what does an adjusting schedule require?
response requirement changes as a function of performance while responding for a previous reinforcer (increasing difficulty of work as students learn more)
define “chained schedule”
sequence of two or more simple schedules, each of which has its own S^D and ending with a terminal reinforcer (can involve same response or different response)
define Goal Gradient Effect
increase in strength and/or efficiency of responding as one draws near goal
how is backward chaining established?
especially with animals, responding on a chained schedule is established by training the final link first and the initial link last
define “drive reduction theory”
event is reinforcing to the extent that it is associated with reduction in physiological drive
define the “incentive motivation” theory (blank vs. blank)
derived from property of reinforcer vs. internal drive state (eg playing a video game for the fun of it)
define the “Premack Principle”
high-probability (or frequency) behaviour (HPB)
can be used to reinforce low-probability behaviour (LPB)
define the “Response Deprivation Hypothesis”
behaviour can serve as the reinforcer when access to the behaviour is restricted and its frequency falls below preferred level of occurrence
Response Deprivation Hypothesis: what is the main concern when dealing with the Premack Principle?
what is the frequency of one behaviour relative to another?
Response Deprivation Hypothesis: what is the main concern when dealing with the deprivation hypothesis (not Premack)
is the frequency of one behaviour less than its preferred level?
