Final Exam (Ch.11)

Question 1

describe “observational learning”

Answer 1

behaviour of a model is witnessed by observer and observer’s behaviour is subsequently changed

Question 2

observational ________ is a ______ process

Answer 2

learning, social

Question 3

being in a _____ situation can _____ behaviour, even if ___ _____ in the group _______ it

Answer 3

social, change, no one, realizes

Question 4

observational learning can be involved in what type(s) of conditioning?

Answer 4

classical and operant

Question 5

contagious behaviour is a … (include example)

Answer 5

more-or-less instinctive/reflexive behaviour that is triggered by observing the behaviour in others
(yawning)

Question 6

behaviours that are contagious are often ______ for _____ interaction and ______

Answer 6

important, social, bonding

Question 7

define “stimulus enhancement”

Answer 7

probability of behaviour is changed because an individual’s attention is drawn to a particular item or location by behaviour of another individual

Question 8

provide an example of “stimulus enhancement”

Answer 8

noticing candy in a room when someone goes to get some and then getting candy yourself

Question 9

define “vicarious emotional responses”

Answer 9

classically conditioned emotional responses that result from seeing emotional responses exhibited by others

Question 10

observational learning is often involved in _________ of ______ conditioned response

Answer 10

development, classically

Question 11

first way that vicarious emotional conditioning could occur

Answer 11

an emotional response in others might act as a US that naturally elicits the same response in us

Question 12

second way that vicarious emotional conditioning could occur

Answer 12

vicarious emotional conditioning might arise through a process of higher-order conditioning

Question 13

define “observational learning” in operant conditioning

Answer 13

observing a person behaving in a way that leads to reinforcers may influence the likelihood of our engaging in the same behaviour

Question 14

descriptions of observational learning in operant conditioning usually emphasize distinction between ______ and ______ of behaviour

Answer 14

acquisition and performance

Question 15

Observational Learning in Operant Conditioning:
what does acquisition require?

Answer 15

observer pay attention to model of behaviour

Question 16

Observational Learning in Operant Conditioning:
what four things does acquisition depend on?

Answer 16

whether the model receives reinforcement for the behaviour, whether observer receives reinforcement for paying attention to the model, whether the observer has sufficient skills to benefit from the modeling and personal characteristics of the model (more likely to pay attention to models who resemble us

Question 17

Observational Learning in Operant Conditioning:
define performance

Answer 17

reinforcement and punishment work to modify our behaviour in three ways

Question 18

Observational Learning in Operant Conditioning:
how does operant conditioning change our behaviour in three ways?

Answer 18

we are more/less likely to preform modeled behaviour when we have observed the behaviour being reinforced/punished. we are more/less likely to preform modeled behaviour when we ourselves are experiencing reinforcement/punishment for preforming behaviour. throughout our lives we learn when it is appropriate to preform modeled behaviours as well as who is an appropriate model

Question 19

define “true imitation”

Answer 19

a form of observational learning that involves close duplication of a novel behaviour

Question 20

define “generalized imitation”

Answer 20

the tendency to imitate new modeled behaviour with no specific reinforcement for doing so

Question 21

children who have been ______ reinforced for imitating the ________ of others will start to show a _______ tendency to imitate

Answer 21

repeatedly, behaviours, generalized

Question 22

children’s tendency to engage on _______ imitation greatly facilitates their ability to learn ___ behaviours

Answer 22

generalized, new