Final Exam (Ch. 12)

Question 1

define “preparedness”

Answer 1

an innate tendency to more easily learn certain types of behaviours or to associate certain types of events with each other

Question 2

preparedness sometimes _______s or ______s the _______ or ______ conditioning of certain _________

Answer 2

facilitates, inhibits, classical, operant, behaviours

Question 3

preparedness can slo result in an ______ between ______ and _______ conditioning

Answer 3

overlap, classical, operant

Question 4

define “taste aversion conditioning”

Answer 4

a form of conditioning in which a food item that has been paired with gastrointestinal illness becomes a conditioned aversive stimulus

Question 5

taste aversion conditioning is _______ to other forms of ________ conditioning in showing evidence of such processes as (3 things)

Answer 5

similar, classical, overshadowing, blocking and latent inhibition

Question 6

list the three things that makes taste aversion conditioning different from other forms of classical conditioning

Answer 6

formation of associations over long delays, one-trial conditioning, and specificity of association

Question 7

define “formation of association over long delays” (by an example)

Answer 7

x-ray irradiation can occur several hours after drinking the sweet water but rats will still associate the resultant nausea with the water

Question 8

define “specificity of association” (by an example)

Answer 8

nausea will be associated only with the taste of the water and no with any other stimuli, such as sounds or lights, in that setting

Question 9

define “CS-US relevance”

Answer 9

innate tendency to more readily associate certain stimuli with each other

Question 10

which two people and in what year demonstrated CS-US relevance in taste aversion conditioning?

Answer 10

Garcia and Koelling, 1966

Question 11

define “instinctive drift”

Answer 11

conditioning in which an innate fixed action pattern gradually emerges and displaces a behaviour being operantly conditioned

Question 12

define “sign tracking”

Answer 12

the tendency to approach a stimulus that signals the presentation of an appetitive event

Question 13

define “autoshaping” using an example

Answer 13

pigeons will reflexively peck at a light that signals the response-independent delivery of food, even though no peck is needed to obtain the food

Question 14

define “adjunctive behaviour”

Answer 14

excessive pattern of behaviour that emerges as by-product of an intermittent schedule of reinforcement for some other behaviour

Question 15

how are behaviours affected by adjunctive behaviour

Answer 15

one behaviour is strengthened through intermittent reinforcement, and a different behaviour emerges as a side effect