Midterm 2 Flashcards
A key element to successful behavioural modification is?
immediate and frequent feedbacks
Which is not true about incentive stimuli
they are always reinforcing
Providing reinforcement in a variety of different contexts
- will encourage generalization
- will prevent strict stimulus control
- will discourage discrimination
- is often difficult to achieve
The process by which the labile representations of newly acquired information into more stable and permanent is called?
consolidation
A cumulative record displaying “scalloping” is characteristic of a ? schedule
fixed interval schedule
Lesions to dopamine cells in the ventral segmental area of rats will
block their “wanting” response
Contingency management is based on
the use of conditioned reinforcers
which schedule would you use to measure the incentive properties of different reinforcers?
progressive ratio
In taste reactivity
- the taste is the US
- the drug is the CS
- sickness is the measured CR
- avoidance is the CR
none of the above
conditioned compensatory responses
result from the association between the CS and the b process
Primary reinforcing stimuli
process unconditioned motivational value
stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle
maintains self stimulation behaviour
The law of effect proposed by thorndike
is based on experiencing satisfaction from stimuli
Positive reinforcement refers to
presentation of a stimulus to increase frequency of a particular behaviour
Which of the following factors are critical to the effectiveness of positive reinforcement?
- motivation (drive and incentive)
- delay between the response and reinforcing stimuli
- schedule of reinforcement used for initial training
- schedule of reinforcement used for maintaining behaviour
Frustration reactions
- were described by Abram Amsel
- can explain the partial reinforcement extinction effect
- can be experienced during extinction
- represent a form of cognitive approach to the analysis of behaviour
Which of the following is true about singled and sidman avoidance tasks?
Sidman avoidance task involves avoiding predictable shock
Which of the following factors is/are critical to the effectiveness of punishment?
delay between the response and the punishing stimulus (small is best)
Th e1st factor of the two factor theory proposed by Mower is based on?
classical conditioning of fear
According to the law of effect proposed by M. Bouton, positive reward, negative reward, punishment and omission learning involve the presentation of an S* ? a behaviour
following
Escape and avoidance are forms of?
negative reinforcement
? and ? are ways of decreasing the probability that a behaviour will occur in the future
omission; punishment
taste aversion learning is most likely to occur with a food/beverage that has ? features
novel
The conditioned compensatory response produces a response that is
the opposite of the one produced by S*
the concept of preparedness referee to the extent to which the
response to be learned is a natural one from an evolutionary perspective
When psychologists characterize behaviour as being controlled by its consequences, they are referring to the principle of
instrumental conditioning
In his reinforcement theory, thorndike assumes that the outcome or consequences
strengthen the S-R association
Skinner assumed that when reinforcers are not made contingent on behaviour
subjects are likely to be more motivated than when reinforcers are absent
A pigeon pecks a red key and is reinforced after pecking either 5 times, 10 times or 20 times, with these behaviour requirements arranged in random order. This is an example of an ? schedule
variable ratio
A rat presses a lever and receives a reinforcer for the first response that occurs after 15 seconds has elapsed. This is an example of a ? schedule
fixed interval
A paradoxical reward effect known as the ? extinction effect is observed in a subject that receives extensive training with reward and then shows more rapid extinction than a subject with less training
overlearning
According to the opponent process theory of emotions and motivation, there is a peak in the initial emotional reaction followed by an adaption phase. The peak in the standard patterns of affective dynamics occurs because
the after reaction begins and interferes with initial emotional reaction
which of the following observations would be classified as a paradoxical reward effect?
- non reward can energize instrumental responding
- a large reward can decrease resistance to to extinction
- over learning can increase the rate of extinction
- non reward can increase resistance to extinction
The crucial feature of a task that produces learned helplessness is the ?
- use of an aversive stimulus
- lack of cues to signal the occurrence of the aversive stimulus
- use of warning stimuli constantly change
- schedules of non-contingency between response and aversive stimulus
none of the above
learned helplessness is more likely to occur when the subject experiences before learning an escape contingency
inescapable aversive stimulus
The attribution of conditioned motivation to environmental stimuli
involves operant conditioning
which of the following is false?
- reinforcing stimuli typically enhances memory consolidation
- dopamine is involved in memory consolidation
- glucose blocks consolidation of new memories
- drugs of abuse can serve as reinforcers
glucose blocks consolidation of new memories
Which of the following is not a side effect of punishment?
increased insert in the punished behaviour
which of the following does not belong?
- gapes
- orofacial reactions
- conditioned disgust
- taste reactivity
- taste avoidance
taste avoidance
a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus
- can promote approach behaviour
- can serve as a conditioned reinforcer
- can promote avoidance behaviour
- can alter the intensity of an operant response
According to thorndike, ? strengthened the bond between S and R?
satisfaction
Fractional anticipatory goal responses (rG):
- energize behaviour
- serve as stimuli
- guide behaviour
- are elicited by goal-conditioned stimuli
When proprioceptive, as well as exteroceptive, conditioned reinforcers are eliminated, even a brief delay in the presentation of the reinforcer ? learning
prevents
Second order schedules maintain behaviour by?
frequent delivery of a conditioned reinforcer
Mowers two factor theory of avoidance proposes
subjects first learn a classical conditioned emotional association, which then serves as motivation for learning the instrumental avoidance response
