Midterm 2

Question 1

A key element to successful behavioural modification is?

Answer 1

immediate and frequent feedbacks

Question 2

Which is not true about incentive stimuli

Answer 2

they are always reinforcing

Question 3

Providing reinforcement in a variety of different contexts

Answer 3

• will encourage generalization
• will prevent strict stimulus control
• will discourage discrimination
• is often difficult to achieve

Question 4

The process by which the labile representations of newly acquired information into more stable and permanent is called?

Answer 4

consolidation

Question 5

A cumulative record displaying “scalloping” is characteristic of a ? schedule

Answer 5

fixed interval schedule

Question 6

Lesions to dopamine cells in the ventral segmental area of rats will

Answer 6

block their “wanting” response

Question 7

Contingency management is based on

Answer 7

the use of conditioned reinforcers

Question 8

which schedule would you use to measure the incentive properties of different reinforcers?

Answer 8

progressive ratio

Question 9

In taste reactivity

• the taste is the US
• the drug is the CS
• sickness is the measured CR
• avoidance is the CR

Answer 9

none of the above

Question 10

conditioned compensatory responses

Answer 10

result from the association between the CS and the b process

Question 11

Primary reinforcing stimuli

Answer 11

process unconditioned motivational value

Question 12

stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle

Answer 12

maintains self stimulation behaviour

Question 13

The law of effect proposed by thorndike

Answer 13

is based on experiencing satisfaction from stimuli

Question 14

Positive reinforcement refers to

Answer 14

presentation of a stimulus to increase frequency of a particular behaviour

Question 15

Which of the following factors are critical to the effectiveness of positive reinforcement?

Answer 15

• motivation (drive and incentive)
• delay between the response and reinforcing stimuli
• schedule of reinforcement used for initial training
• schedule of reinforcement used for maintaining behaviour

Question 16

Frustration reactions

Answer 16

• were described by Abram Amsel
• can explain the partial reinforcement extinction effect
• can be experienced during extinction
• represent a form of cognitive approach to the analysis of behaviour

Question 17

Which of the following is true about singled and sidman avoidance tasks?

Answer 17

Sidman avoidance task involves avoiding predictable shock

Question 18

Which of the following factors is/are critical to the effectiveness of punishment?

Answer 18

delay between the response and the punishing stimulus (small is best)

Question 19

Th e1st factor of the two factor theory proposed by Mower is based on?

Answer 19

classical conditioning of fear

Question 20

According to the law of effect proposed by M. Bouton, positive reward, negative reward, punishment and omission learning involve the presentation of an S* ? a behaviour

Answer 20

following

Question 21

Escape and avoidance are forms of?

Answer 21

negative reinforcement

Question 22

? and ? are ways of decreasing the probability that a behaviour will occur in the future

Answer 22

omission; punishment

Question 23

taste aversion learning is most likely to occur with a food/beverage that has ? features

Answer 23

novel

Question 24

The conditioned compensatory response produces a response that is

Answer 24

the opposite of the one produced by S*

Question 25

the concept of preparedness referee to the extent to which the

Answer 25

response to be learned is a natural one from an evolutionary perspective

Question 26

When psychologists characterize behaviour as being controlled by its consequences, they are referring to the principle of

Answer 26

instrumental conditioning

Question 27

In his reinforcement theory, thorndike assumes that the outcome or consequences

Answer 27

strengthen the S-R association

Question 28

Skinner assumed that when reinforcers are not made contingent on behaviour

Answer 28

subjects are likely to be more motivated than when reinforcers are absent

Question 29

A pigeon pecks a red key and is reinforced after pecking either 5 times, 10 times or 20 times, with these behaviour requirements arranged in random order. This is an example of an ? schedule

Answer 29

variable ratio

Question 30

A rat presses a lever and receives a reinforcer for the first response that occurs after 15 seconds has elapsed. This is an example of a ? schedule

Answer 30

fixed interval

Question 31

A paradoxical reward effect known as the ? extinction effect is observed in a subject that receives extensive training with reward and then shows more rapid extinction than a subject with less training

Answer 31

overlearning

Question 32

According to the opponent process theory of emotions and motivation, there is a peak in the initial emotional reaction followed by an adaption phase. The peak in the standard patterns of affective dynamics occurs because

Answer 32

the after reaction begins and interferes with initial emotional reaction

Question 33

which of the following observations would be classified as a paradoxical reward effect?

Answer 33

• non reward can energize instrumental responding
• a large reward can decrease resistance to to extinction
• over learning can increase the rate of extinction
• non reward can increase resistance to extinction

Question 34

The crucial feature of a task that produces learned helplessness is the ?

• use of an aversive stimulus
• lack of cues to signal the occurrence of the aversive stimulus
• use of warning stimuli constantly change
• schedules of non-contingency between response and aversive stimulus

Answer 34

none of the above

Question 35

learned helplessness is more likely to occur when the subject experiences before learning an escape contingency

Answer 35

inescapable aversive stimulus

Question 36

The attribution of conditioned motivation to environmental stimuli

Answer 36

involves operant conditioning

Question 37

which of the following is false?

• reinforcing stimuli typically enhances memory consolidation
• dopamine is involved in memory consolidation
• glucose blocks consolidation of new memories
• drugs of abuse can serve as reinforcers

Answer 37

glucose blocks consolidation of new memories

Question 38

Which of the following is not a side effect of punishment?

Answer 38

increased insert in the punished behaviour

Question 39

which of the following does not belong?

• gapes
• orofacial reactions
• conditioned disgust
• taste reactivity
• taste avoidance

Answer 39

taste avoidance

Question 40

a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus

Answer 40

• can promote approach behaviour
• can serve as a conditioned reinforcer
• can promote avoidance behaviour
• can alter the intensity of an operant response

Question 41

According to thorndike, ? strengthened the bond between S and R?

Answer 41

satisfaction

Question 42

Fractional anticipatory goal responses (rG):

Answer 42

• energize behaviour
• serve as stimuli
• guide behaviour
• are elicited by goal-conditioned stimuli

Question 43

When proprioceptive, as well as exteroceptive, conditioned reinforcers are eliminated, even a brief delay in the presentation of the reinforcer ? learning

Answer 43

prevents

Question 44

Second order schedules maintain behaviour by?

Answer 44

frequent delivery of a conditioned reinforcer

Question 45

Mowers two factor theory of avoidance proposes

Answer 45

subjects first learn a classical conditioned emotional association, which then serves as motivation for learning the instrumental avoidance response