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Psyc 2330 Final > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What impacts the effectiveness of reinforcement?

A
  1. drive
  2. incentive value of S*
  3. delay of reinforcement
  4. stimulus control
  5. schedule of reinforcement
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2
Q

Who and what theory explained delay of reinforcement

A

Hull’s rG-SG mechanism

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3
Q

Explain the rG-sG mechanism

A
  • food (S*=SG) –> RG (RG=reactions in goal box)

- stimuli in the start and delay box come to elicit rG (rG = fractional anticipatory goal response)

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4
Q

What does rG function to do?

A
  • energizes behaviour

- rG –> sG (conditioned responses = salivation, excitement –> becomes stimulus indicating food)

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5
Q

What does sG function to do?

A
  • guides behaviour

- can also serve as conditioned reinforcers because of their contiguous association with SG (e.g. food)

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6
Q

When these conditioned reinforcers are present, can there be a delay before delivery of the food?

A

Yes, because the box becomes a conditioned reinforcer

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7
Q

Explain proprioceptive conditioned reinforcers

A

Kenneth spence
- when proprioceptive, as well as exteroceptive, conditioned reinforcers are eliminated, even a brief delay in the presentation of the reinforcer prevents learning

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8
Q

Explain stimulus control

A

behaviour that has been reinforced in the present of one stimulus is controlled by the presence/absence of that stimulus
- responding often generalizes to other stimuli

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9
Q

What is discrimination?

A
  • unwanted behaviours
  • strict stimulus control to predict/control behaviour
  • narrow gradient
  • E.g. respond to only red
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10
Q

What is generalization?

A
  • wanted behaviour
  • performance all the time
  • wide gradient
  • E.g. respond to all colours
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11
Q

When are responses given?

A

Continuous - after every response

Intermittent - not after every response

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12
Q

How are responses measured?

A

Measure - ratio
- every x responses gets a reward

Time - interval
- every x minutes (if you respond) gets a reward

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13
Q

Give an example of fixed ratio

A

After every 5 responses, get food

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14
Q

Give an example of variable ratio

A

Could be 5 responses, could be 10 –> food

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15
Q

Give an example of fixed interval

A

After 2 minutes –> food (if response is performed)

E.g. mail delivery every day at 1pm

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16
Q

Give an example of variable interval

A

After 2, 4, 6 or 8 minutes –> food
E.g. mail delivery could be 10am, or 1pm or 7pm…
- check multiple times throughout day

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17
Q

Which type of schedule promotes “scallop” responding?

A

Fixed interval

- change in speed of responding but never a pause

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18
Q

Which type of schedule promotes “pause & run” responding?

A

Fixed ratio

- pause after reinforcement is delivers

19
Q

Which schedule promotes pretty consistent responding

A

VR > VI

20
Q

Other schedules?

A
  • progressive ratio and break point
  • second order schedule
  • continuous schedule
  • partial schedule
21
Q

Explain progressive break point schedule

A

Ratio increases progressively within the session (exponentially)

  • see how much effort subject is willing to invest
  • break point = responding breaks down
22
Q

Which schedule is used to assess the potency of reinforcer?

A

Progressive ratio and break point

23
Q

Explain second order schedule

A

A “schedule of schedules” using conditioned reinforcers

  1. controls primary reinforcer (e.g. cocaine infusions)
  2. controls conditioned reinforcer (e.g. cocaine CS - light)
24
Q

Which schedule promotes rapid extinction?

A

continuous

- does not encourage persistent behaviour

25
Q

Which schedule promotes the highest rate of responding?

A

VR

26
Q

When does VI promote the most consistent level of responding?

A

When reinforcement is infrequent

27
Q

Which theory explains the performance of persistent behaviour?

A

partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE)

28
Q

Explain the paradoxical reward effect

A

No reinforcer present but still responding

  • frustration energizes behaviour = Frustration reaction (rF) -Abram Amsel –> stimulus effect (sF)
  • sF is eventually reinforced

Frustration = response but then acts as a stimulus

29
Q

Explain the magnitude of reinforcement extinction effect

A

behaviour reinforced by large rewards extinguishes faster

30
Q

Explain the overleanrning extinction effect

A

behaviour extensively reinforced can extinguish faster

31
Q

Explain behavioural modification

A

Application of principles of reinforcement to practical problems of human behaviour

  • baseline
  • reinforcement 1
  • reversal
  • reinforcement 2
  • postchecks
  • -> pay attention to wanted behaviour, and stop paying attention to unwanted behaviour
  • breakdown behaviour into different components
  • -> IMMEDIATE AND FREQUENT FEEDBACK
32
Q

What is token economy (or contingency management)?

A

Points or tokens are established as secondary reinforcers through pairings with a variety of potent reinforcers

33
Q

What are the advantages of using token economy?

A
  1. points/tokens are easy to dispense and can be finished immediately
  2. they can be used as generalized reinforcers (operant and classical)
34
Q

Tactics for maintaining behaviour

A
  1. partial reinforcement (begin with continuous but rapidly switch to partial)
  2. reinforcing in a variety of settings
  3. fading
    - conditioned/primary reinforcers slowly removed
    - longer time intervals between trials
  4. conditioned reinforcers
35
Q

Moral objections associated with reinforcement?

A

bribery and greed

36
Q

Explain the Premack Principle (David Premack)

A

Access to preferred behaviour reinforces less preferred behaviour and punishes more preferred behaviour
E.g. TV for studying vs. TV for playing soccer (negatively affects motivation to play soccer)

37
Q

What does it mean to undermine intrinsic motivation?

A

Punished by reward phenomenon

38
Q

Determinants of undermining:

A
  1. initial interest
  2. reinforcing obedience vs. competence
  3. nature of reinforcer (social better than material)
  4. size of reinforcer (small = better)
    - principle of minimal force
  5. establish behaviour contract (if you do this –> you’ll get this)
39
Q

A ket element in successful behavioural modification is?

A

immediate and frequent feedbacks

40
Q

Which of the following about token economy is true?

A
  • based on the principles of classical conditioning
  • based on the principles of operant conditioning
  • used in behavioural modification
41
Q

Which of the following is true about the frustration effect?

A
  • frustration is a response
  • frustration is a stimuli
  • frustration can be conditioned
42
Q

Which of the following schedules results in a conditioned or primary reinforcers after every tart behaviour?

A

Continuous

43
Q

Discrimination:

A
  • can be studies in a variety of species
  • is the opposite of generalization
  • is ideal to control unwanted behaviours
44
Q

Which of the following is true about delay of reinforcement?

A

for learning to occur, it should be brief

Psyc 2330 Final (11 decks)

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